The Infrasound Database of the SMDC Monitoring Research Program J The Infrasound Database of the SMDC Monitoring Research Program J. Roger Bowman, Gordon Shields, Michael S. O’Brien and Hans Israelsson Science Applications International Corporation Presented at the Infrasound Technology Workshop Tokyo, Japan November 13-16, 2007 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited   DISCLAIMER “The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either express or implied, of the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command or the U.S. Government.”

Outline Introduction Events Signals Waveforms Station metadata Establishing ground truth Examples of ground truth Documenting ground truth Signals Waveforms Station metadata Conclusions 2

Introduction What is the Infrasound Database (IDB)? Purpose Focus Source parameters and their uncertainties Arrivals (consistent measures of signal features) Waveforms Metadata Purpose Provide sources and signals suitable for research in detection, feature estimation, location and atmospheric models in absence of modern recordings of “signal of interest” Focus Events with signals similar to “signal of interest” Events with well constrained source parameters Plus, other events of general interest 3

Events in the Infrasound Database Available on-line at www.rdss.info 278 events as of October, 2007 4

Adding Events to the IDB Media Web sites Conference proceedings Papers Etc. Discover events Compile potential ground truth Scour the web Archive all relevant files Establish ground truth Assess various sources of “ground truth” Quantify uncertainties Document ground truth Provenance of source parameters and their uncertainties Measure signal features 5

Establishing Ground Truth Process of determining source parameters and their uncertainties Not all “ground truth” created equal! Constraints on source location Experiment reports (for the rare controlled source) Location of explosion craters or damaged buildings Location of volcano craters Location of open-pit mines Location of optical signal observed by satellite Epicenter from seismic bulletin Eye-witness reports in the media Estimated from infrasound observations (not ground truth) Constraints on source origin time Experiment reports Near-source acoustic or seismic measurements Origin time from seismic bulletin Industrial logs (e.g., mine operators) Eye-witness reports Estimated from infrasound observations Decreasing reliability Decreasing reliability 6

Maputo, Mozambique Arms Depot Explosions Location: 25.866 S, 32.580 E ± 0.6 km Origin times: 2007-03-22 15:01 ± 8 min 2007-03-23 15:33 ± 8 min 2007-03-22 15:48 ± 8 min Derived from infrasound arrival times and a range of plausible group velocities Media reports are vague, inconsistent, and inconsistent with infrasound arrival times Google Earth label for armory Line of sight of YouTube video 7

Videos of Maputo Arms Depot Explosions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plzuWJD1Qow&mode=related&search http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJfhYfJo6Ew&mode=related&search First video allows determination of position of camera at airport Line of sight Camera operator Second video allows determination of line of sight to armory relative to airport buildings 8

St. Petersburg Gas Pipe Explosion Pretty picture Location: 60.082 N, 30.450 E ± 0.3 km Origin time: 2007-07-25 20:02 ± 150 sec Gas pipeline From media reports (BBC and Reuters) No events in IDC REB or NEIC bulletins Power plant Lines of sight 9

BP Oil Refinery Explosion, Texas, USA Pretty picture Location: 29.374 N, 94.939 W ± 0.05 km Origin time: 2005-May-23 19:20 ± 60 sec Plant operations log published in Fatal Accident Investigation Report No events in IDC REB or NEIC bulletins Combustible vapor cloud from CFD modeling (Fatal Accident Investigation Report) 10

Augustine Volcanic Eruptions, Alaska, USA Pretty picture Location: 59.364 N, 153.433 W ± 0.15 km Origin time: 2006-Jan 13 times ± 2 sec Near-source acoustic onset time Petersen, T., S. De Angelis, G. Tytgat, and S. McNutt, Local infrasound observations of large ash explosions at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, during January 11–28, 2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12303, 2006. Crater location taken from Google Earth 11

Ghislenghien, Belgium Gas Pipe Explosion Pretty picture Location: 50.67 N, 3.87 E ± 0.05 km Origin time: 2004-Jul-30 06:55:27 ± 2 sec Correlation of aerial photographs and cultural features in Google Earth Seismic P and ground-coupled Rayleigh waves Evers, L. G., L. Ceranna, H. W. Haak, A. Le Pichon, and R. W. Whitaker, A seismoacoustic analysis of the gas-pipeline explosion near Ghislenghien in Belgium, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer., 97, 417-425, 2007. 12

Buncefield Fuel Depot Explosion, UK, 2005 Documenting Ground Truth: Event Summaries Event Summaries standardize the presentation of ground truth information and assessment of its uncertainty. Example: Buncefield Fuel Depot Explosion, UK, 2005 Largest peace-time explosion in Europe British Crown Copyright 2006/MOD Hyperlinks provide direct access to primary sources of ground truth Infrasound signals observed at seismic stations1 and included in Infrasound Database 1. Green et al., Infrasound Workshop, Fairbanks, Alaska, September, 2006. 13

Documenting Ground Truth: Site Summaries Site Summaries standardize the presentation of ground truth location and uncertainty for sites of repeated infrasound events. 14

Challenges in Establishing Ground Truth Origin time more difficult than location Except for controlled explosions Incomplete reporting Provenance and uncertainties are often missing Language Varying transparency English version of Russian report using Google Translation We welcome your help in establishing and documenting ground truth. Primary sources are cited in the Infrasound Database. 15

Infrasound Signal Arrivals Most events observed on one or several stations Most propagation paths have been sampled one or a few times Buncefield, UK Oil Depot Explosion Powder River, Wyoming Mines 16

Examples of Signal Analysis Jilin, China petrochemical explosion 13 November 2005 Buncefield, UK oil depot explosion 11 December 2005 Slope of back azimuth and slowness estimated Treated as single arrival Treated as multiple arrivals 17

Group Velocity First arrival for 455 signals Single mode No clear distinction between arrivals traveling in stratospheric and thermospheric ducts Considerable variability of velocity for source-receiver distance < 2000 km Narrower range for distance >3000 km 18

Waveforms Waveform data are available for IDB events for IMS stations in countries that freely distribute their data or have approved unlimited distribution Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, territories of these countries, and Antarctica US research stations (e.g., DLIAR, TXIAR, etc.) Waveform data are available from the IDC or your country’s NDC for other IMS stations 19

Station Metadata Extensive metadata has been compiled in a standard format for most IMS stations Summaries available for: I05AU, I07AU, I08BO, I09BR, I10CA, I13CL, I14CL, I17CI, I18DK, I21FR, I22FR, I24FR, I26DE, I30JP, I31KZ, I32KE, I33MG, I34MN, I35NA, I36NZ, I41PY, I52GB, I53US, I55US, I56US, I57US, I59US Insufficient information available for: I02AR, I04AR, I39PW, I44RU, I46RU, I47ZA, I48TN, I49GB, I50GB 20

Conclusions Infrasound database Cooperation requested Has 278 events relevant to research in detection, characterization and location of infrasound “events of interest” Has carefully assessed and documented source parameters and uncertainties Is available on-line at www.rdss.info Cooperation requested Share references to ground truth in your regions of interest Document source parameters in presentations and papers Organize and share station metadata for use by the infrasound community 21

Videos of Infrasound Sources Henderson, Nevada rocket fuel factory (PEPCON) explosion (USA) 1988 May 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJVOUgCm5Jk Kolding fireworks factory explosion (Denmark) 2004 Nov 03 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb8sxJbRakU Mt. Augustine, Alaska volcanic eruption (USA) 2006 January http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK5-o7l7DBA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTK8sBaef9k Maputo arms depot explosion (Mozambique) 2007 Mar 22 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJ2p2pD_XEM St. Petersberg gas pipeline explosion (Russia) 2007 Jul 26 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXeYCBrbDzA&mode=related&search=fire%20explosion 22