20 April High Performance Design and Construction Energy Efficiency: What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? Karl Brown Deputy Director California Institute for Energy Efficiency University of California Office of the President (photo courtesy Kris Kinney)

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? 80% of the energy load of typical 1999 buildings? 65%? 50%? 35%? 20%?

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? <50%of the energy load of typical 1999 buildings

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? “Factors of Two” in New Construction  Good Lighting Design> 1.5 vs. < 1 Watt per sq. ft. (Labs)  Elimination of Reheat  Good Air System Design –Low Pressure Drop> 8” is typical, < 4” is good design (Labs) –Tight Ducts30% leakage doubles fan power

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? “Factors of Two” in New Construction (Laboratories)  Indirect EvaporativeTemper (100%) outside air Pre-Cooling (drop delta T from 30 to 15 degrees F)  Low-Flow Fume Hoods

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency “Berkeley Hood” Low Flow Fume Hood (LBNL)  Energy Use Standard Fume Hood = House  “Berkeley Hood” –Developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory –50% or less air flow –Equivalent or improved containment and capture  Test installations –Montana State University –UC San Francisco –San Diego State (pending)

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? Additional Important Design Features for UC Merced  Control of Solar LoadAdvanced windows and sun shading  Individual HVAC ControlSome faculty offices  Operable WindowsMost faculty offices, some small classrooms  Commissioning“…by any other name…”  Energy Performance MonitoringMeasure success Optimize operations Feedback to design Academic program

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency Energy Monitoring Applications: Building Subsystems Chiller Performance (illustration courtesy Lee Eng Lock)

20 April Monitoring Reveals More “Factors of Two” in Efficiency District Steam (◊) vs. Other Thermal Systems (  ) Coastal and Central California Climate UC/CSU Campus Gas Use vs. Complex Building Fraction (heating degree days is 2nd variable)

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency UC Merced Infrastructure Measures  No district steam heating  Chilled water thermal storage  Cluster lab buildings around plant  Large pipes and small pumps – (not vice versa)  Rational plant sizing

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? “Factor of Two” in Plant Design—Typical Scenario 1) Design engineers estimate cooling load at 1,200 tons 2) Campus engineers argue design engineers back to 600 tons 3) Fully occupied and utilized facility never uses more than 300 tons

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency Recap of UC Merced Design Measures and Technology  Advanced Lighting Systems*  Advanced Windows*  Sun Shading  Duct Sealing*  Efficient HVAC Design  Efficient Laboratory Air System Design*  Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Standards*  Advanced Energy Metering and Control Systems*  Systems Commissioning  Integrated Planning of Building Loads and Infrastructure Capacity * Technologies developed with the help of UC through Berkeley Lab and other campuses.

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? Clues in the Literature:  Canadian C-2000 Program (60%) –Todesco, G “Super-Efficient Buildings: How Low Can You Go?” ASHRAE Journal. 38:12: Atlanta GA. American Society of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.  State of Utah (50-78%) –Case and Windergerden “Incentive Program for Energy Efficient Design of State Buildings”. In Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study of Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Washington D.C. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy  PG&E ACTT Antioch Project (36%) –Hernandez, G.; E. Kolderup; G. Syphers ACT2 CSAA Commercial Site Impact Evaluation Report. San Francisco CA. Eley Associates and Pacific Gas & Electric Co.  LBNL Applications Team: California Lab-type Facilities (50%) –Mills et al “Energy Efficiency in California Laboratory-type Facilities”. LBNL Berkeley CA. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency What is the Target for 21st Century Buildings? UC Merced Efficient Design Scenario Energy Load as % of 1999 UC Average Benchmark* Buildings Opening in > 80% 65% 50% *concurrent with all cooling load shifted off- peak

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency UC Merced Load Projection (Maximum Demand) (2004 plant) Space (gsf) 0.7 million1.2 million8.6 million Scenario  Base (business-as-usual)3.6 MW6.3 MW46 MW  Load Management2.7 MW4.8 MW34 MW  Efficient Design2.1 MW3.5 MW18 MW

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency Strategic Energy Planning (Enron/UC/CSU Contract) Santa Barbara Scenarios

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency Interventions  Set firm goals  Establish efficiency as a priority early in programming and budgeting  Select A&E consultants with efficiency as a part of their core practice  Provide resources to engineers and lighting designers early in design  Integrate with infrastructure planning (campus setting)  Value engineering of “margins of safety”  Demand good documentation (commissioning)

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency Resources  Benchmarking  LEED™  “Savings By Design” –statewide public goods fund program  2001 Advanced Lighting Design Guidelines  Design Guide for Energy Efficient Research Laboratories –Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Applications Team  Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs21) Partnership –with U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency UC Acknowledgements  UC Merced –Chancellor Carol Tomlinson-Keasey –Cliff Graves –Bob Badgley –Chris Adams –Juan Beltranena –Cynthia Hughes –Pam Moody  UC Programs –Scott Samuelsen, UCI –Jack Brouwer, UCI –Harrison Fraker, UCB –John Klopf, UCB –Jeff Dozier, UCSB –Dennis Aigner, UCSB –Mo Lovegreen, UCSB –Dale Sartor, LBNL  UCOP –Clifton Bowen –Maric Munn –Gary Matteson –Johnny Torrez –Jim Smith –Joanne Cate –Trudis Heinecke  UC/CSU Facilities –Tony Valenzuela, CSU –Paul Black, UCB –Adney Bowker, UCD –Grant Fulgham, UCSB –Paul Howland, UCI –George Palmer, UCR –Keith Roberts, UCD –Dick Smith, CSU Fresno –Victor Takahashi, CSU Stanislaus –Gerry White, UCSD

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency For More Information Karl Brown 510/

20 April High Performance Design and Construction: Energy Efficiency  “If decisions were a choice between alternatives, decisions would come easy. Decision is the selection and formulation of alternatives.” –Kenneth Burke, American literary critic and poet