Water and Gases Pure water (evaporation generally purifies water) interacts with gases in air: Equilibrium between air and gases: H 2 O + CO 2  H 2 CO.

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Water and Gases Pure water (evaporation generally purifies water) interacts with gases in air: Equilibrium between air and gases: H 2 O + CO 2  H 2 CO 3(aq) How do we determine conc. H 2 CO 3(aq) ??

Henry’s Law A description of gas solubility of gases in solution gas (g) ↔ gas (aq) O 2(g) ↔ O 2(aq)

What is the difference in O 2 at equilibrium with 5ºC water vs. 35ºC water?? Compare that with SO 2 …

Gas production? What processes produce gases? –Degassing from melts –Formation and degassing from metamorphic reactions and hydrothermal systems –Diagenetic reactions, petroleum genesis –Biological production

Oxygenic Photosynthesis Water-oxidizing complex is key – Mn4Ca-complex that oxidizes H 2 O to O 2 in 4 steps (S 0 through S 4 ) Chlorphyll a (P680) is very oxidized (E 0 =+1.1V), enough to oxidize H 2 O. BUT e- excitation takes it to E 0 =-0.7V, not enough to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Thus a need for 2 photosystems….

Diffusion, Fickian Diffusion from high to low levels.. Where D is the diffusion coefficient, dc/dx is the gradient, and J is the flux of material

Groundwater Precipitation that does not run-off into rivers percolates into soils, sediments, and into basement rock fractures to become groundwater Water always flows down-hill Darcy’s Law describes the rate of flow where, Q = volumetric flow rate (m 3 /s or ft 3 /s), A = flow area perpendicular to L (m 2 or ft 2 ), K = hydraulic conductivity (m/s or ft/s), l = flow path length (m or ft), H = hydraulic head (m or ft), and d = denotes the change in h over the path L.

Groundwater Chemistry Just like other waters, encounters minerals, gases, etc. Some key differences from other waters: –P CO2 variable – respiration! –Segregation of flowpaths in different units