FRBR Functional requirements for bibliographic records (IFLA, 1998) Don Thornbury, RBSC Technical Services April 5, 2005

Milestones: 19 th and 20 th centuries Panizzi (1841) Cutter (1876) ALA rules, Paris principles (1961) AACR (1967) ISBD (1971- ) AACR2 (1978- ) FRBR (1998)

21st century: AACR3 In 2001, JSC decided that FRBR terminology should be incorporated into AACR. Since that time, rule revisions have been proposed to ensure that FRBR terms will be used in AACR. This will require introduction of new terms as well as redefinition of existing usage.

Development of FRBR Impetus ) economic realities faced by libraries and the need to reduce the cost of cataloging; 2) importance of meeting user needs; 3) addressing the various types of material and the various contexts within which bibliographic records are used Aim of the project produce a framework that would provide a clear, precisely stated, and commonly shared understanding of what it is that the bibliographic record aims to provide information about, and what it is that we expect the record to achieve in terms of answering user needs Drafting began 1995; published

FRBR methodology “The methodology used in this study is based on an entity analysis technique that is used in the development of conceptual models for relational database systems. Although the study is not intended to serve directly as a basis for the design of bibliographic databases, the technique was chosen as the basis for the methodology because it provides a structured approach to the analysis of data requirements that facilitates the processes of definition and delineation that were set out in the terms of reference for the study.” (2.3) Translation: We need to figure out what things we’re talking about in cataloging, what there is to say about them, and how they relate to one another.

FRBR entities: 3 types Products of intellectual or artistic endeavor that are named or described in bibliographic records: work, expression, manifestation, and item. Aggregate and Component entities: anthology, series, archival fond … [et al.]; chapter, article … [et al.] Entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products: person and corporate body. Subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavour: the above entities, plus concept, object, event, and place.

Expression Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item A “distinct intellectual or artistic creation.” An abstract entity: can be hard to define and delineate. Attributes: title, form, date … [et al.]

Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item The “intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms.” Reflects distinctions in intellectual or artistic content between one realization and another of the same work. Attributes: title, form, date, language, sequencing pattern (serial), type of score (musical notation), medium of performance (musical notation or recorded sound) … [et al.]

Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item The “physical embodiment of an expression of a work;” “all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form.” Can be a set of items that result from a single act of production, or unique productions such as manuscripts, original oil paintings, etc. Attributes: title, statement of responsibility, edition/issue designation, place and date of publication/distribution, publisher/distributor, series statement, foliation (hand-printed book), publication status (serial), playing speed (sound recording), reduction ratio (microform), mode of access (remote access electronic resource) … [et al.]

Work : Expression : Manifestation : Item A “single exemplar of a manifestation.” Often a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph), but can be more than one (e.g., a monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.) Attributes: item identifier, provenance, marks/inscriptions, condition … [et al.]

Entity relationships Relationships are “the vehicle for depicting links between one entity and another, and thus as the means of assisting the user to ‘navigate’ the universe that is represented in a bibliography, catalogue, or bibliographic database.” Many kinds of relationships among entities: realization, embodiment, equivalence, whole-to- part, part-to-part … [et al.]

... many expressions of the work... Three manifestations of the expression ItemItem Entity relationships: Work … Item

Other entity relationships Work-to-Work: Successor, Supplement, Adaptation, Whole/Part … [et al.] Expression-to-Expression: Translation, Abridgement … [et al.] Manifestation-to-Manifestation: Reprint, Mirror site … [et al.] Item: Bound with … [et al.]

FRBR and MARC In LC’s action plan for bibliographic control of web resources (2001): Enhance MARC 21 to support display of hierarchical relationships among records for a work, its expressions and its manifestations (based on the IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)) MARC to FRBR: 83 pages of element mapping (ca data elements in MARC) FRBR to MARC: 74 pages of element mapping

000cam a s 1912 gw ger d 035‚a (OCoLC)ocm ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL 041‚a ger ‚h eng 100‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German 24510‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss. 260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912] 300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm. 500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5 NjP 563 ‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5 NjP 7001 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d ‚b ex ‚h ‚a MARC

000cam a s 1912 gw ger d 035‚a (OCoLC)ocm ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL 0411‚a ger ‚h eng 1001‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German 24510‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss. 260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912] 300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm. 500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5 NjP 563‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5 NjP 7001 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d ‚b ex ‚h ‚a Field data: Work Expression Manifestation Item Record MARC: FRBR mapping

A fresh start: Numismatics No standard Many attributes: issuer, denomination, metal, symbol, subject … [et al.] Identifying entities Mapping to FRBR Relational database Cataloger functionality: Data entry

Resources FRBR: Tillett: MARC and FRBR: analysis/frbr.html

Conclusion FRBR is already part of catalogers’ intellectual environment permeates AACR3 influences system design FRBR