Sociology of Croatian society: Gender Siniša Zrinščak April 7,

Gender? Gender = scientific or ideological concept? „Imported gender ideology”?!? - just a Croatian story? Other European societies? Referendum on the definition of marriage = Constitutional amendment Croatian Bishops’ Conference message – : Gender ideology can be found under different names: gender theory, gender perspective, gender ideology, etc. Although this ideology is spread and present in many aspects of today’s life the ultimate goal of it is not easy visible. The defenders of this ideology label their

activities as „noble endeavour and fight against discrimination”, or speak about „pledge for implementation of freedom and equality”, or „for accomplishment of tolerance”. More close look shows, however, aims and methods which it uses. …. Gender ideology aims to human roots. Without firm footing in tradition and culture it starts from the assumption that human being is by itself non-gender being …. Concept of gender reduced to sexual orientations – why and how?

Sociological approach Sex – biological concept – sex characteristics Gender – social construction – a social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behaviour, and mental and emotional characteristics for males and females – different societies = different ideas Gender polarization – organizing of social life around male-female ideals – people’s sex influences every aspect of their life I. Crespi – „differential socialization” concept = different expectations from M and W (boys and girls)

… Europeanization and gender Does and how the Europeanization changes the post- communist societies? Literature review : Gender equality not high on the negotiation agenda Social circumstances vs. gender equality Still, the EU as a “window of opportunity” for non- biding issues (depending on domestic actors) Rising criticism about results: (1) complying gap theses; (2)domestic resistance, importance of domestic actors (positions, powers…)

Past and present Past: dual earner model / employment of W (like in SW), but crucial differences: necessity to work, traditional pattern: domestic work only for W, no civil society, no public discussion – family as „sacred” spot without state interventions Present: fall in employment, influence of religion, economic problems = Re-traditionalization? Yes, but only partly + differences among countries “We argue that the emerging regimes in CEE countries could be seen as dual earner regimes, with comparatively strong collective

support for women’s employment and for parents and few characteristics of male breadwinner regimes. But these dual earner regimes have suffered economic blows, leading to losses of state support for gender equality, low living standards and unemployment as a new risk. Their dual earner status is thus more challenged than in Scandinavian countries, and their support for gender equality more fragile.” G. Pascall, A. Kwak (2010) Gender regimes in transition: Gender equality in CEE countries? In: C. Klenner, S. Leiber (eds.) Welfare states and gender equality in CEE. Brussels: ETUI aisbl.

Croatia Context: Legacy - traditional gender division of labour, weak civil society / women’s organization (though first shelter for battered women in Zagreb in 1990) 1990s: nation and state building process, influence of religion, weak and late Europeanization Three phases: - the absence of a gender equality agenda in the 1990s - new opportunities, (weak) EU conditionality, 2004….

Activ. and unempl. rate gender gap

Working time and leaves

Employment rates

Gender in legislative positions

Gender attitudes in HR Labour division in home – three types of jobs found in the research: 1. jobs which are seen as mainly women’s (ironing and washing clothes) or mainly men’s (fixing things in home) – 81% said that ironing is women’s job 2. jobs seen as primarily women’s (cooking, cleaning…) or men’s (pouring petrol), but those who consider that as for both sexes is as high as between 40 and 50% 3. jobs seen as equally pertaining to M and W: baying foods, taking care about home budget…

Source: Zrinščak, S., Geiger, M. (2008) Aspects of Family Pluralization- Models of Masculinity and Femininity, Distribution of Work and Gender Socialization. In: Men and Women He Created Them. Women and Men in Living and Service of God´s Mission. Collection of Essays. Split: Franjevački institut za kulturu mira, pp (In Croatian)

And – at the end – what is the gender equality? J. Plantenga, C. Remery, H. Figueiredo and M. Smith (2009) Towards a European Union Gender Equality Index. Journal of European Social Policy 19(1):19-33 How to explain differences among countries?

Gender equality index? DimensionsSubdimensionsIndicators Equal sharing of paid work Labour force participation Unemployment Gender employ gap Gender unempl gap Equal sharing of money Pay Income Gender pay gap Gender poverty gap among single househ Equal sharing of decision-making power Political power Socio-economic power Gender gap in parliam Gender gap in ISCO1 Equal sharing of timeCaring time Leisure G gap in caring time – child G gap in leisure time

Results – composite index score Finland – 0.74 Sweden – 0.72 … Lithuania – 0.59 Germany – 0.59 UK – 0.56 France – 0.56 …. Poland – 0.53 Austria – 0.52 Czech R. – 0.51

Italy – 0.41 Spain – 0.37 … Greece – 0.26 The need to use various indicators and to understand the meaning of each Eurostat data: The unadjusted gender pay gap, 2013: Difference between average gross hourly earnings of male and female employees as % of male gross earnings