The 2014 UNEP Ozone Assessment Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol EEAP Co-chairs Nigel Paul (Lancaster University, UK) Janet Bornman (Curtin University, Australia) Min Shao (Peking University, China) An update 25 th Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol Bangkok, Thailand October 24, th Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok1

The Parties’ Request (Decision XXIII/13) October 24, th Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok2 Terms of reference for the 2013 EEAP report a)Effects of ultraviolet radiation reaching the biosphere and how those effects relate to physical, biological and environmental processes. b)Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation on human health, including cancers, eye damage, infectious and other diseases and the beneficial effects of ultraviolet radiation. c)Effects on the biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems, including the delivery of ecosystem services such as food production. d)Effects of ultraviolet radiation on materials, including materials used in building construction. e)Risks to human health and the environment from substances that affect the ozone layer.

Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on human health Structure of the 2014 Environmental Effects Assessment October 24, th Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok3 Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on crops and terrestrial ecosystems Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on global chemical cycling Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on tropospheric chemistry/ air quality Effects of changes in UV radiation on physical, biological and environmental processes Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on materials 7 Policy-Relevant Highlights from the Chapter Synthesis of the Chapters’ policy-relevant information Completely up- dated and revised FAQs (inc underlying processes)

 Key ongoing issues Quantitative relationships between change in ozone change, and change in UV radiation as it affects humans and ecosystems Balance of contrasting effects, within organisms (e.g. positive and negative effects of UV on human health), and ecosystems.  What is new in science Improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of responses. Interactions with other elements of environmental change  Key requests from the Parties to the Protocol 2014 Contents: The Birds-Eye View October 24, th Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok4

Chapter 1:Effects of changes in UV radiation on physical, biological and environmental processes. Alkiviadis Bais (LA: University of Thessaloniki, Greece), Pieter Aucamp (South Africa) Mohammad Ilyas (Malaysia), Sasha Madronich (USA),Richard McKenzie (New Zealand) Chapter 2: Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on human health Robyn Lucas (LA: The Australian National University,Australia), Frank R. Gruijl (Netherlands), Anthony Cullen (Canada),Janice Longstreth (USA), Mary Norval (UK), Yukio Takizawa (Japan), Jan van der Leun (Netherlands) Chapter 3: Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on crops and terrestrial ecosystems. Carlos Ballaré, ( LA: CONICET and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina), Martyn Caldwell (USA), Sharon Robinson (Australia), Janet Bornman (Australia), Chapter 4: Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems Craig Williamson (L A : Miami University, USA), Donat Häder (Germany), Walter Helbling (Argentina), Robert Worrest (USA) Chapter 5: Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on global chemical cycling David Erickson (LA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA), Richard Zepp (USA), Amy Austin (Argentina) Barbara Sulzberger (Switzerland) Nigel Paul (UK) Chapter 6: Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on tropospheric chemistry/ air quality Min Shao (LA: Peking University, China), Stephen Wilson (Australia), Keith Solomon (Canada) Chapter 7: Effects of ozone depletion/ increased UV radiation on materials Anthony Andrady (LA: USA), Halim Hamid Redhwi (Saudi Arabia), Ayako Torikai (Japan) Chapters, Lead Authors (LA), and authors October 24, th Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok5

Timeline  Scope of report and individual chapters developed (Aug 2012)  Lead Authors and authors established ( Aug-2012-March 2013)  Initial drafts of Chapters developed (March Dec 2013)  1 st drafts of Chapters reviewed remotely (Jan-Feb 2014)  Full external review of all chapters (Feb- May 2014)  Revision of all chapters in response to reviewers comments and drafting of Assessment for Decision-Makers begins (May-Aug 2014)  Co-ordination with SAP (June 2014: Les Diablerets)  1 st panel meeting to finalize second (review) draft for external review (Feb 2014) Meeting of the Parties October 24, th Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok 2012  Final meeting of panel and reviewers to finalize all chapters (August 2014)