Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo Pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) TREEBREEDEX S EMINAR ON “G ENETIC VARIABILITY AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF TEMPERATE AND BOREAL FOREST TREE SPECIES ” Luis Santos del Blanco Eduardo Notivol Paíno José Mª Climent Maldonado Bucharest, Romania February 2010 SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT Research Institute F.P.U. Program AP University of Valladolid

Recent and future climatic changes  Western mediterranean basin for the next century:  3-4ºC increase in mean annual temperature  Up to 50% less rainfall in summer  In the present  Increased frecuency of large-scale fires Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

It is necessary to increase forest resilience  Forest management  Tree breeding Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S., Mosseler, A. (2009).

Mediterranean pines  Early successional stages life history traits  Severe soil and climatic conditions main characters in afforestation Picture by E. buscardo et al., 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Pinus halepensis  Well adapted to dry and poor soils  Adapted to crown fires (stand-replacing fires)  Serotinous cones  Early (femenine) reproduction  Invasiveness  Dispersal hability  Early (femenine) reproduction Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Pinus halepensis  Low (neutral) genetic diversity within Iberian Peninsula  E-W historical colonization Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) Distribution map of Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis EUFORGEN 2009

Pinus halepensis Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) Differences in adaptive traits Drought resistance (Voltas et al. 2007, Grivet et al. 2009) Reproductive allocation (Climent et al. 2008)

Reproductive allocation and costs of reproduction  Principle of Allocation  If resources are limited, two or more processes compete for them  Negative correlation between investment in one process (allocation) respect to other/s costs  Allocation strategies are evolutionary meaningful (adaptive) and are linked with life history traits Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Previous works in conifer breeding 60’s – 80’s Schmidtling, 1981 Silvae Genetica Reproductive allocation and costs of reproduction Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) H. Gerhold, 1966

Previous works in conifer breeding 60’s – 80’s Practical interest in mediterranean pines. Resilience Schmidtling, 1981 Silvae Genetica Reproductive allocation and costs of reproduction Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) H. Gerhold, 1966

Questions to answer  Is there intraspecific variability in Pinus halepensis in terms of reproductive allocation? (yes, Climent et al. 2008)  How can we explain those differences/ lack of differences (ecology/evolution)?  How can we use this information to increase forest resilience? Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Valladolid Provenance-progeny Saragossa Provenance-progeny Castellón Provenance trial Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Looking for (genetically inherited) variation  Reproduction along development  I. Early stages: threshold size for reproduction  II. Secondary stages: reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Threshold size for reproduction Logistic regression Reproduction f (vol) Reproduction probability Volume Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

 Investment in cones / nutrient availability   RA= (CC0 + CC1) / Volume Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation volume cone count Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation volume cone count Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation 2005 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # 161 Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # 161 Provenance # Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Cc = (48,0630+u)(0,1 Vob) e [-1,1479+v](0,1 xVob) Ratkovsky Climent et al Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

 ‘Classic tools’ for new perspectives  Quantitative genetics for new challenges (objectives) Genetic variability & Adaptive potential HEIGHTCONES/d 2

Population differentiation (Qst) in V

Genetic correlations  Use for indirect selection predict correlated response  Develop selection indices to select for multiple traits sim.  Determine extend GxE to develop breeding strategies  Understand evolutionary process of traits

Corrs. Phen. Gen. P= G + E + GxE + e

Conclusions  There exist evolutionary constraints between reproduction and growth  For Aleppo pine, reproduction is more adaptive than total growth  Natural selection finely shapes reproductive strategies  Local conditions  Climatic clines  Recent historical colonization Gómez et al Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

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c, b, m, t10, t90 & dur Growth, but how?

Results  Very accurately fitting (error<3%)  Population effect significant for t10, t90 & dur  But not for c, b, m  PCA 1&2 absorbed 90% variation, but not clear grouping of populations (not very different?)  CVa: Additive coefficient of variance as adaptive potential index

Canonical Discriminant (c, b, m, t10, t90 & dur) Multivariate analysis: Geographical grouping?

Mean CVa

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