Electrical Drawings and Documentation Bobby Rauf  Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf 3-HP; 460VAC, 3-Phase: 4.8 Amps; 125%: 6 Amps; 115%: 5.52 Amps; Starter Size: “0” 40-HP; 460VAC, 3-Phase: 52 Amps; 125%: 65 Amps; 115%: 60 Amps; Starter Size: “3” 4/15/2017 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; © B. Rauf

Electrical Power Bills, Rate Schedules and Cost Reduction Ideas Bobby Rauf  1 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Topics Electric Utility Rate Schedules Electric Utility Rate Schedules, Duke Power Tips on Utility Rate Schedules and Contracts Cost Reduction Through Utility Rate Schedules Energy Performance Contracting Load Factor Power Bill Calculation 2 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electric Utility Rate Schedules Industrial Commercial Residential Municipal or Co-op’s OPT, or Time of the Day HP, or Hourly Pricing Interruptible 3 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electric Utility Rate Schedules, Duke Power Duke Power Website for Rate schedules: http://www.dukepower.com 1. Standard Rates: Rate schedules I are for manufacturers. G and GA are designed for commercial businesses. NC Schedule I NC Schedule G NC Schedule GA 4 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electric Utility Rate Schedules, Duke Power 2. Optional Rates: Rate schedule OPT is available for businesses that possess, or can modify consumption patterns to take advantage of seasonal and daily cost adjustments that Duke Power can pass along to its customers. NC Schedule OPT SC Schedule OPT 5 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electric Utility Rate Schedules, Duke Power 2. Optional Rates, contd: Economy Demand: Refer to Duke Power OPT Schedule Note: Economy Demand Charge comes into play when the On Peak Billing Demand drops below 50% of the Contract Demand. If B > A, then Economy Demand = B – A If B  A, then Economy Demand = B – A  0 When Economy Demand  0, Economy Demand is considered equal to “0.” Where, B = 50% of Contract Demand A = On Peak Billing Demand 6 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electric Utility Rate Schedules, Duke Power 2a. If your business can provide incremental loads and has the ability to further manage consumption patterns on a day ahead, hourly basis, Duke Power can offer you maximum potential price savings through rate schedule HP, Hourly Pricing. NC Hourly Pricing SC Hourly Pricing 7 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electric Utility Rate Schedules, Duke Power 3. Special Savings Options: On-Site Generation This program is designed for a hassle free alternative to ownership, operation and maintenance of your emergency generators. NC On-Site Generation Standby Generation If you own emergency standby generators and can make their capacity available for use by Duke Power during times of system emergencies, monthly credits are offered through rate rider SG, Standby Generation. NC Standby Generation 8 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Electric Utility Rate Schedules, Duke Power 4. Economic Development Support and Incentives: To encourage development of new customers or facility expansions, Duke offers electricity-based incentives. Relocation services are also available to guide you in locating or expanding your facility in the Carolinas. Economic Development 5. If You Own Power Generation Assets: If you have cogeneration facilities or are a private power generator, you may be compensated for providing capacity to Duke Power under rate schedule PG, Cogeneration or PP, Purchased Power. NC Cogeneration NC Non-HydroElectric Purchased Power 9 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Tips on Utility Rate Schedules and Contracts: Power contracting involves distinct skills and areas of expertise in the following two areas: Energy procurement Commercial law. Both of these disciplines involve risk management, risk allocation, isolating benefits, and option analysis. Electric Utility Company is not obligated to notify facilities about availability of more favorable rates or “schedules.” Some utility companies, for example, Duke Energy, assign Account Managers to certain segments of their market. 10 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Tips on Utility Rate Schedules and Contracts: Utility Contracts and Account Managers: Utility company Account Managers will, at times, advise their larger accounts of favorable rate schedules as the customers’ demand and usage changes. However, it is good practice to explore suitable contract alternatives, when some of the following changes are experienced in load characteristics and profile: Addition or removal of loads that constitute a substantial percentage of facility’s overall load. Addition of highly reactive loads, i .e large motors, transformers. This might impact the facility’s overall Power Factor and Energy Consumption. 11 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Tips on Utility Rate Schedules and Contracts: Utility Contracts and Account Managers, contd: Look for newfound flexibility in load schedules. For example “Off-Peak” unloading of rail cars, in industries where mass transport of raw materials is required. Addition of onsite generation; Standby or Cogen. Change in facility’s operation constraints. For example: Could the facility tolerate power interruption, with some advance notice? Could facility participate in, on-line, diesel generator testing? 12 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Cost Reduction Through Utility Rate Schedules: Most electrical bill calculations are premised on two major factors: Demand, in kW’s Energy Usage, in kWh’s Effort to reduce the electrical billing component associated with demand should focus on the following: Power Factor Correction Peak Shaving Rate Schedules On-site Power Generation (Standby) and Co-generation 13 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Cost Reduction Through Utility Rate Schedules: Effort to reduce the electrical billing component, associated with energy usage, should focus on the following: Major loads, i .e. Lighting, Motors, Electric Heating Energy Monitoring Systems, EMS Rate Schedules On-site Power Generation and Co-generation 14 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Energy Performance Contracting EPC, or Energy Performance Contracting is one way to finance and implement energy conservation projects. Remuneration sought by the EPC’s is included in the overall cost of the project. Initial investment, maintenance cost, energy cost (over the life of the project) monitoring and training cost, are included in the overall cost of the project. The energy and cost savings produced by the project need to be sufficient to cover all project costs over the term of the contract. EPC project contracts, typically, span a period of 10years or more. 15 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Energy Performance Contracting Benefits of EPC EPC’s save company capital for projects that lack financial justification. EPC’s fund energy conservation projects from savings generated by the project. EPC’s reduce repair and maintenance costs caused by inadequate, aging, or obsolete equipment EPC’s, and energy conservation projects in general, provide secondary benefits i .e. increased employee productivity, safe and more comfortable working environment. For example, energy efficient lighting projects/programs. Improve the environment and conserve energy resources. 16 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Load Factor Load factor (LF) is the relationship between Energy Usage (in kWh) and Demand (in kW). Load Factor = Energy Usage (kWh)______________ Demand (in kW) x No. of hrs. in Billing Period An Load Factor of 1 indicates that there is no variation in consumption or time of day peaks in demand. Since most facilities don't operate 24 hours a day, and since the demand (kW) varies during a 24 hour period and the billing month, Load Factors are usually less than one “1.” If the Load Factor of a facility is approaching 1, the more likely way to reduce demand is by installing more efficient electrical equipment. Low Load Factor is a good indicator of the cost savings potential in shifting some electric loads to off-peak hours, thus reducing on-peak demand. 17 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Load Factor Billing Demand and Actual Demand, on the utility bill, are two different entities. Actual demand is the value registered on the utility meter. Actual demand should be used to evaluate power requirements and Load Factor for the facility. Billing Demand and Actual Demand are, usually, different for facilities with “ratchet” clause in their utility contract. 18 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017

Power Bill Calculation 19 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; © B. Rauf 4/15/2017