Learning Objectives – Endocrine System  Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones.  Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body.  Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones. 0

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)  Identify abnormal conditions resulting from excessive and deficient secretions of the endocrine glands.  Describe laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to endocrinology, and recognize relevant abbreviations.  Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. 1

The Endocrine System – p. 746  Glands release hormones  Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism  Hormones bind to receptors  Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act 2

Two Types of Glands  ENDOCRINE glands Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream  EXOCRINE glands Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body. 3

Glands page 747 4

Thyroid Gland – page 748 5

Thyroid Function – page 748  Two hormones secreted by thyroid : thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T 4 ) triiodothyronine (T 3 )  Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate 6

Thyroid Gland  Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone  New hormone recently discovered 7

Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Actions 8

Parathyroid Gland: - page 749 9

Parathyroid Glands – page

Parathyroid Function  Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream 11

Adrenal Glands – page

ADRENAL GLANDS: Each gland has two parts an outer portion, the adrenal cortex ○ Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol an inner portion, adrenal medulla ○ Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids 13

Adrenal CORTEX Secretes  Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti- inflammatory (cortisone). Influences--SUGAR  Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences--SALT  Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences--SEX 14

Adrenal MEDULLA Secretes  Two types of catecholamine hormones Epinephrine (adrenaline) : increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage Norepinephrine (noradrenaline ): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure 15

The Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla 16

Pancreas – page 752  Located near and partially behind stomach  Exocrine and endocrine organ 17

Pancreas Function  islets of Langerhans produce:  Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen  Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells 18

Pancreas Function 19

Pituitary Gland – page 753  Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)  Hypothalmus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones ) 20

Pituitary Gland 21

Pituitary Function – page 754  Anterior Pituitary secretes the following hormomes: Growth hormone (GH) – increases bone and tissue growth Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) 22

Pituitary Function Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates cortisol secretion Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) Prolactin (PRL) 23

Pituitary Function (cont’d.)  Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) – increases water reabsorption by kidneys Oxytocin (OT) 24

Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions – page

Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions – page

Table 18-2  See page 756 for summary of major endocrine glands, hormones they produce, and their actions. 27

GLANDS  aden/ogland  adren/oadrenal glands  adrenal/oadrenal glands 28 Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS – page 760

Combining Forms  Combining FormMeaning  gonad/osex glands (ovaries, testes)  pancreat/opancreas  parathyroid/oparathyroid gland 29

 pituitar/opituitary gland;  thyr/othyroid gland  thyroid/othyroid gland 30 Combining Form Meaning Page Glands

 andr/omale  calc/o, calici/ocalcium (hypocalcemia)  cortic/o cortex, outer region  crin/osecrete (endocrin e) 31 Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms - Page

Combining Forms  Combining FormMeaning  dips/othirst (poly dipsia)  estr/ofemale  gluc/o, glyc/osugar (hyperglycemia) 32

 home/o sameness  hormon/ohormone  kal/Ipotassium (an electrolyte) 33 Combining Form Meaning Glands - Page 761

Glands  Combining Form Meaning  lact/omilk  myx/omucus  natr/osodium 34

 phys/ogrowing  somat/obody (somatotropin)  ster/osolid structure 35 Combining Form Meaning Glands - Page 762

Glands Combining Form Meaning  toc/ochildbirth  toxic/oposition  ur/ourine 36

 -agon assemble, gather together  -emiablood condition  -in, -inea substance 37 Suffix Meaning Suffixes - page 763

Suffixes SuffixMeaning  tropin stimulating the function of  -uriaurine condition 38

 eu-good, normal (euthyroid)  hyper-excessive, above  hypo-deficient, below  oxy-rapid, sharp, acid 39 Prefix Meaning Prefixes - page 763

Prefixes PrefixMeaning  pan-all  tetra-four  trithree 40

QUICK QUIZ: 4.Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium? A.hyperkalemia B.hypocalcemia C.hypercalciuria D.hypokalemia 41

Thyroid Abnormalities – page 764 Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid 42

43 Thyroid Abmormalities Hypersecretion Hyperthyroidism Graves disease – Autoimmune ○ Exophthalmos and proptosis

Thyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion Hypothyroidism Myxedema Cretinism Neoplasms Thyroid carcinoma 44

Parathyroid Abnormalities – page 765 Hypersecretion Hyperparathyroidism Loss of bone density Kidney stones Hypercalcemia 45

Parathyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion: Hypoparathyroidism Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany 46

Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex – page 766 Hypersecretion  adrenal virilism – excessive androgens amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening  Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition 47

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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex Hyposecretion  Addison disease – low cortisol and aldosterone levels hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure 49

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Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla – page 767  Pheochromocytoma: Benign tumor of adrenal medulla Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms 51

Abnormalities of the Pancreas Hypersecretion  Hyperinsulinism – excessive secretion of insulin causing; Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting 52

Pancreas Hyposecretion  Diabetes mellitus Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat metabolism in cells Type 1 : childhood onset typically Type 2 : adult onset typically 53

Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes 54

Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe) Hypersecretion  acromegaly  gigantism Hyposecretion  dwarfism  panhypopituitarism 55

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Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe) Hypersecretion  Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Excess ADH Excess water retention Hyposecretion  Diabetes insipidus Deficient ADH Polyuria and polydipsia 59

Review Abnormal Conditions of Endocrine Glands – page

Laboratory Tests – page 748  Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours  Serum and urine tests Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc. in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function  Thyroid function tests Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream 61

Clinical Procedures – page 749  exophthalmometry  computed tomography (CT) scan  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head  radioactive iodine uptake  thyroid scan  ultrasound examination 62

QUICK QUIZ: 5.What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty? A.Addison disease B.acromegaly C.Cushing syndrome D.Graves disease 63