1 Parallel Circuits Benchmark Companies Inc PO Box Aurora CO 80047

2 Total Voltage, Total Current, and Total Resistance in Parallel Circuits Total Voltage in a Parallel Circuit The voltage across any branch in parallel is equal to the voltage across any other branch and is also equal to the total voltage.

3 Formula: V T = V1 V1 = V2 V2 = V3 V3 = etc. Total Voltage in a Parallel Circuit Total Voltage, Total Current, and Total Resistance in Parallel Circuits V T = V R1 = V R2 = V R3

4 Total Current in a Parallel Circuit The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the currents in all the branches of the circuit.

5 Formula: I T = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + etc. Total Current in a Parallel Circuit IT IT = I R1 + I R2 + I R3

6 Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit The total resistance in a parallel circuit is found by applying Ohm’s law to the total values of the circuit. V T = I T x RTRT

7 A toaster, a waffle iron, and a hot plate are connected in parallel across a house line delivering 110 V. The current through the toaster is 2 A, through the waffle iron 6 A, and through the hot plate 3 A. Example Find: (a) the total current drawn from the line (b) the voltage across each device (c) the total resistance of the circuit Continued

8 a. Find the total current I T. 1. Write the formula. I T = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 2. Substitute numbers.I T = = 11 A Solution b. Find the voltage across each device. 1. Write the formula. V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 2. Substitute numbers.V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 =110 V c. Find the total resistance R T. 1. Write the formula. V T = I T x R T 2. Substitute numbers.110 = 11 x R T 3. Solve for R T. 110/11 = R T = 10 

9 If the branches of a parallel circuit have the same resistance, then each will draw the same current. If the branches of a parallel circuit have different resistances, then each will draw a different current. The larger the resistance, the smaller the current drawn. Using Ohm’s Law in Parallel Circuits

10 Fractional Equations When fractions appear on both sides of the equality sign, eliminate the denominator by multiplying both sides by the least common denominator. Using the Least Common Denominator to Solve Fractional Equations

11 1. Write the equation.2V/9 = 4/3 2. Multiply both sides by the LCD (9). 9 x 2V/9 = 4/3 x 9 3. Multiply each side separately. 2V = Solve for V.V = 12/2 = 6 Ans. Example Solution Find V in the equation2V/9 = 4/3

12 To cross-multiply, the product of the numerator of the first fraction and the denominator of the second is set equal to the product of the numerator of the second fraction and the denominator of the first. CrossMultiplication

13 1. Write the equation. 3/R = 2/5 2. Cross-multiply. 2 x R = 3 x 5 3. Simplify each side.2R = Solve for R. R = 15/2 = 7 1/2 Ans. Example Solution Find the value of R in the equation 3/R = 2/5

14 Total Resistance in A Parallel Circuit where R T is the total resistance in parallel and R 1, R 2, and R 3 are the branch resistances. Formula: 1/R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 + etc.

15 1. Write the formula. 1/R T = 1/R 1 +1/R 2 +1/R 3 2. Substitute numbers. 1/R T = 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/8 3. Add fractions. 1/R T = 17/24 4. Cross-multiply. 17 x R T = 1 x Simplify. 17R T = Solve for R T. R T = 24/17 = 1.4  Example Solution Find the total resistance of a 3 , a 4 , and an 8  resistor in parallel.

16 The total resistance of a number of equal resistors in parallel is equal to the resistance of one resistor divided by the number of resistors. Total Resistance of a Number of Equal Branches Formula: RT RT = R/N where R T = total resistance of equal resistors in parallel R = resistance of one of the equal resistors N = number of equal resistors

17 Given: R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = 60  Find: R T = ? R T = R/N R T = 60/3 = 20  Example Solution Three lamps, each having a resistance of 60 , are connected in parallel. Find the total resistance of the combination.

18 Formula R T = (R 1 x R 2 )  (R 1 + R2)R2) Two Resistors in Parallel To find the total resistance of only two resistors in parallel, multiply the resistances and then divide the product by the sum of the resistors. where R T is the total resistance in parallel, and R 1 and R 2 are the two resistors in parallel.

19 Given:R 1 = 4 , R 2 = 12  Find:R T = ? R T = (R 1 x R 2 )  (R 1 + R 2 ) R T = (4 x 12)  (4 + 12) R T = 48/16 = 3  Example Solution Find the total resistance of a 4 , and a 12  resistor in parallel.

20 Total Voltage in a Parallel Circuit What voltage is needed to send 3 A through a parallel combination of a 3-, a 4-, and a 12  resistance? Example Continued

21 1. Find the total resistance R T. 1/R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 1/R T = 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/12 1/R T = 2/3 2R T = 3 R T = 3/2 = 1.5  2. Find the total voltage V T. V T = I T x R T V T = 3 x 1.5 = 4.5 V Solution

22 Division of Current in a Parallel Circuit Given: Resistors R 1 = 16 , R 2 = 48 , and R 3 = 24 , connected in parallel across a voltage line. I T = 12 A. Example Find:(1)R T (2)V T (3)V T, V 1, V 2, V 3 (4)I 1, I 2, I 3 Continued

23 1. Find the total resistance R T. 1/R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 1/R T = 1/16 + 1/48 + 1/24 1/R T = 1/8 = 8  2. Find the total voltage V T. V T = I T x R T V T = 12 x 8 = 96 V 3. Find the branch voltages. V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 = 96 V Solution Continued

24 4. Find the branch currents. V 1 = I 1 x R 1 96 = I 1 x 16 = 96/16 = 6 A V 2 = I 2 x R 2 96 = I 2 x 48 I 2 = 96/48 = 2 A Ans. V 3 = I 3 x R 3 96 = I 3 x 24 I 3 = 96/24 = 4 A Ans. 5. Check: I T = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 12 = = 12

25 Formula: I 1 = R 2 /(R 1 + R 2 ) x ITIT Formula: I 2 = R 1 /(R 1 + R 2 ) x ITIT Division of Current in Two Branches in Parallel When only two branches are involved, the current in one branch will be only some fraction of the total current. This fraction is the quotient of the second resistance divided by the sum of the resistances.

26 Parallel Circuit (Simplifed) Voltage is constant Why ?  There are 3 closed loops in the circuit, which means the voltage though each loop is equivalent to the voltage supplied (like in a series circuit) Branch currents add to equal total current

27 Parallel Equivalent Circuits

28 Kirchhoff’s Current Law Current into junction = Current leaving junction The amount of current that enters a junction is equivalent to the current that leaves the junction

29 1. Write the formulas for finding I T, V T, and R T in a parallel circuit. Exercise 1 2. A toaster, waffle iron, and a hot plate are connected in parallel across a 120 V line. The current through the toaster is 3 A, through the waffle iron 5 A, and through the hot plate 4 A. Find:(a) I T ; (b) V 1, V 2, V 3 ; (c) R T. (12 A, 120 V, 10  ) I T = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + etc. V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 = etc. 1/R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 = etc.

30 3. Find the value of R in the equation R/6 = 4/6. Exercise 1 4. Find V in the equation 4K/10 = 6/ Find the value of L in the equation 18/L = 0.6/17.8. (4) (15) (534)

31 2. Three lamps, each having a resistance of 45 , are connected in parallel. Find the total resistance. Exercise 2 1. Find the total resistance of a 2 , 5 , and an 9  resistors in parallel. 3. Find the total resistance of a 7 , and a 15  resistors in parallel. (1.23  ) (15  ) (4.77  )

32 Exercise 2 4. What voltage is needed to send 4 A through a parallel combination of a 8 , 9 , 17  resistance? 5. Three resistors 12-, 35-, 25  are in parallel. I T = 10 A. Find the current flowing in each branch. (13.6 V) (5.49 A, 1.88 A, 2.68 A)

33 END OF PRESENTATION