WIDER COGNATES OF SOUTH-EASTERN PAMA- NYUNGAN GRANDPARENTAL TERMS AND THE PATTERNS OF SEMANTIC AND SOUND CHANGE Patrick McConvell for Kioloa workshop 2008

PAMA-NYUNGAN KINSHIP TERMS: THE SOUTH EAST AND THE REST In previous papers I have explored the reconstruction of kin terminology in Nyungic (Western P-Ny) etymologies of Gurindji kinterms involving many languages; and the relationship between Paman and Yolngu. In none of these papers did I look at kinship terminology in the South-East. Harold Koch’s investigations in this region as part of the AUSTKIN project have enabled me to start to add data from here to this preliminary study of grandparent terms This shows that there are indeed a number of cognates of widespread P-Ny terms here Completion of the picture even in a sketchy way for the whole continent gives us a better handle on the patterns of distribution and what they may mean.

A hypothesis about proto-Pama-Nyungan grandparent terms *kami- MM; *papi- FM; *ngaji- MF (the root for FF remains less clear) ?mayi-li ?pula

Other widespread grandparent terms ngapV- FM jam(p)V- MF (possibly affinal in origin) kan(j)v- MM jajV- MM (possibly a sibling term in origin) ngakV- is probably a variant of ngajV-

TYPES OF KIN EXTENSION Merger within parallel and within cross (Kariera) Merger of same gender (‘grandmother- grandfather’ ) Alternate generation equivalence (sibling = parallel grandparent; cross- cousin = cross grandparent) Consanguineal-affinal

PROCESSES OF CHANGE HYPOTHESIS: all change passes through a stage of polysemy eg an MM term becomes FF via an MM/FF (Kariera) equation. CHAINS? In Karnic *kami - MM>FM and *ka(ny)jV- is found as MM. What is the order of these events and did one cause the other?

Google Map is used here because the AUSTKIN geo-spatial interface won’t be ready until later in the year

KAMI/ KANY(J)V- N.NSW/GOLD COAST KAMI MM > MM/FM >FM (what is new MM term?) KARNIC (LAKE EYRE REGION) same process? new MM term - kanyini (found to west and north) KAMI-(NY)JARR a suffixed form of KAMI meaning a grandchild is scattered throughout much of the Pama-Nyungan area.

NGAJI / JAM(P)V- NGAJI -MF is found mainly in the east of the continent but also in the far north-west with a change in meaning to cross-cousin (<?alternate generation equivalence) and an overlap with JAM(P)V-. Spouse meanings are found in the Mayi languages in Queensland. (Yuin M may or may not be related). JAM(P)V- MF is found in a broad area across the middle of Australia in Pama-Nyungan languages and also in Non-Pama-Nyungan languages. I originally thought it might have been borrowed into a PN branch from NPN at an early stage but I am more inclined to think it belongs to a higher level sub-group of Australian.

PAPI /NGAPV- PAPI- FM is found in the east of the continent and NGAPV- in the west. PAPI changes meaning to other grandparents in NSW. NGAPV FM is found in Victoria but >MF in NSW.

JAJV MM in N. Central NT; MF in W. Queensland and N. NSW; sibling in Yuin languages (S. coastal NSW). MM/sibling from alternate generation equivalence? NGAKV- MF ><? NGAJI cf. other possible cases of *k>j eg kipa, jipa ‘liver’in N. Queensland; kiri, jiri ‘thorn’ etc. Connection with alternation ngin-, nyin- ‘you sg’?