A rivers long profile looks something like this:

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Presentation transcript:

How does a river change as you travel downstream (The long Profile of a river)

A rivers long profile looks something like this: Upper Course Middle Course Lower Course

Is it upper, middle or lower?

What are the differences between a river in its upper, lower , middle ? Question? How does a river change as you travel downstream? What changes can you think of?

Key river terms Load = The amount of material being carried by a river Velocity = the speed of a river in metres per second m/s

Discharge = velocity x cross sectional area Key river terms cont… Discharge = is the amount of water passing a given place at a given time Discharge = velocity x cross sectional area ( speed) (depth and width) m³/ s = m/s x m²

The main changes in the river channel are as follows: Velocity (speed) = Discharge = Width and depth = (e.g Increases / decreases downstream) Load carried = (Copy the table from Wider World p285- as you do this be thinking ‘Why do the following change as you move downstream?’)

Why do rivers change from the upper to the lower course?

Its all about energy …….. Turn to page 282 in Waugh and read the 1st 2 paragraphs. Decide on the most important points

Friction ( a river looses 95% of its energy due to friction) explanation.. Friction ( a river looses 95% of its energy due to friction) Which channel has most friction? Lower Course Channel Lower Course Channel Upper Course Channel Wetted perimeter

Which channel will have the fastest velocity? Why? explanation.. Velocity (speed) Which channel will have the fastest velocity? Why? Lower Course Channel Lower Course Channel Upper Course Channel

Which channel has most power and spare energy? Why? explanation.. Energy and Power Which channel has most power and spare energy? Why? Lower Course Channel Lower Course Channel Upper Course Channel

The spare energy is used to erode deeper and wider explanation.. Erosion The spare energy is used to erode deeper and wider Lower Course Channel Lower Course Channel Upper Course Channel Erosion

In your own words explain why a river changes as you move down stream …

Copy Upper Course Small channel and lots of boulders in the river (proportionally larger wetted perimeter!) Lots of friction Slower speed or velocity Little spare energy Less erosion and load Channel remains narrow and shallow and discharge small

Copy Lower Course Volume of water increases because of tributaries (less water in contact with the wetted perimeter proportionally) Less friction Higher velocity (faster) More spare energy and power More erosion and load Channel becomes wider and deeper and discharge increases

Which would have the higher velocity D or C B D What is A What is B Which would have the higher velocity D or C Which place would have the highest discharge Would A or B have the largest load? Why? A C