The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA) DE: 101 : REGIONAL LANGUAGE Prepared by: Mr. Nahoda, A.M 7

LANGUAGE WIDER COMMUNICATION Standard Language National Language Modern Language Classical Language Regional Language (Regional varieties) 7

Standard Language A variety of a language considered by its speakers to be most appropriate in formal and educational contexts. It is a variety of a language which has the highest status in community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. 7

Standard Language A standard variety usually used in the news media and in literature. The variety described in dictionaries and grammar. It is the variety taught in schools and to non native speakers when they learn a language as a foreign language. 7

Standard Language Standard Language arose largely out of a series of countless historical accidents: certain words, forms and usages happened to be accepted by educated people in positions of prestige, while others were not accepted. The single most important factor is the political, economic and cultural influence of the people of a chosen dialect and the surrounding region which lead to the selection of standard language 7

Standard Language Standard Language itself is not quite uniform: for example, in Standard English there are detectable differences in vocabulary and grammar between standard American and standard British English, though these are not large. Standard language is not immutable: it changes from generation to generation, and the standard English of the eighteenth century already sounds quaint and distant today. 7

Standard Language Standard English may be spoken in any of a large range of regional accents; no particular accent is associated with standard English, though in particular countries there are some accents often regarded as more appropriate to standard English than others. The standard accent in English English is RP (Received Pronunciation) 7

When British English is taught to foreign learners, the accent presented as a model for the learner will most typically be received pronunciation (RP) ‘Received’: in the 19th century the sense was that of “accepted in the most polite circles of society”. British society has changed a good deal since that time, but RP has remained the accent of those in the upper reached of the social scale, as measured by education, income and profession, or title. 7

Standardization: The process of making some aspect of language USAGE conform to a STANDARD VARIETY. This may take place in connection with the WRITING SYSTEM or the spelling system of a particular language and is usually implemented by a government authority. For example, a standardized system has been introduced in Malaysia and Indonesia, which provides a common standard for the spelling of Malay and Indonesian, which are both varieties of the same language. 7

National Language It is the single principal language of a country. That is a language which is usually considered to be the main language of a nation. It is the language expected to be spoken by every citizen of the country. Its the language used in books and news papers of the country. The language used in sign and advertisement. The language used in the conduct of all business It is usually the official language of the country too. 7

National Language and Law The position of a national language may be enshrined in law (as in France) or not (as in the USA).But every country, whether it has a national language or not, is obliged to recognize one or more official languages in which official business may be conducted. 7

Classical language A classical language, is an ancient language with a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature plus independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, and not from the consequences of another tradition. Classical languages tend to be either dead languages, or show a high degree of diglossia, as the spoken varieties of the language diverge further and further away from the classical written language over centuries. 7

Classical language In Europe, Greek is the only classical language common to the whole area. Latin is also a classical language in a large and dominant subdivision of Europe. With all Classical languages, other languages within their sphere of influence tend to borrow vocabulary, and sometimes even grammar, extensively from the defining language of the civilization. 7

Classical language In Europe, Greek is the only classical language common to the whole area. Latin is also a classical language in a large and dominant subdivision of Europe. With all Classical languages, other languages within their sphere of influence tend to borrow vocabulary, and sometimes even grammar, extensively from the defining language of the civilization. 7

Classical language Along with that come references to particular items of literature, history, and religion. Thus, Arabic words frequently occur in Persian, Turkish, Hindi-Urdu, Malay, Swahili. Greek and Latin words are regularly and easily found in English, or Chinese words in Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. 7

Modern language In foreign language teaching this term is some times used to refer to a foreign language which is an important language to day such as French or Italian, as compared to an ancient (Classical ) language such as Latin or ancient Greek. 7

Regional Varieties (language) Regional languages are language varieties that are based on geographical isolation of the speech community. English speech community is scattered around the world. There are different varieties of English such as American English, British English, Australian English, Southern African English,. American and British English are considered to be the standard variety of English. 7

American and British English US GRAMMAR GB GRAMMAR He just went home Do you have a problem? It is important that he be told. It look like it is going to rain. I have never really gotten to know him He’s just gone home Have you got a problem It is important that he should be told It look as if it is going to rain I have never really got to know him 7

American and British English US Prepositions and particles GB Prepositions and particles Check some thing out Do something over Fill in/ out the form Meet with somebody Monday through Friday Monday Home Check something Do something again Fill in a form Meet somebody Monday to Friday On Monday At home 7

American and British English US VOCABULARY GB VOCABULARY Mad means angry Apartment Cab Candy Elevator Fall Garbage Gasoline Mad means crazy Flat Taxi Sweets Lift Rubbish petrol 7

American and British English US SPELLINGS GB SPELLINGS Aluminum Analyze Catalog Center Check Color Pajamas Aluminium Analyse Catalogue Centre Cheque Colour Pyjamas 7

Standard Pronunciation General American (GA) A term used for the majority accent of American English which conveys little or no information about the speaker’s regional background. The accent is used, for example, by most radio and television presenters. Received pronunciation (RP) is the name given to the regionally neutral accent in British English, historically deriving from the prestige speech of the Court and the public schools. It used to be the accent of the BBC 7

Standard Pronunciation GA is rhotic because /ɹ/ occurs following vowels within a syllable. RP is non-rhotic because /ɹ/ does not occur following vowels in the same context. Because RP is non-rhotic, it has many more diphthongs than GA. 7

Pronunciation GA and RP share three diphthongs: /ai/ fight, /aυ/ house, /ɔi/ boy In American English, the words writer and rider can be homophones because the alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/ can undergo a process known as alveolar flapping, resulting in both words being pronounced the same. 7