Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 1 Q 2010 European Conference on Quality in Official Statistics Helsinki, May 2010 Nationality, Citizenship, Race, Ethnicity and Migration as Socio-Demographic Background Variables in Comparative Social Surveys by: Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS, Mannheim/GER and Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange/LUX

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 2 Structur: - Research Question - Elements of request - How to ask? - in Census, EU & USA - in Surveys - Proposal for question wording

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 3 Ethnicity is: "a shared racial, linguistic, or national identity of a social group" (Jary & Jary 1991

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 4 In different societies the context in which citizenship is defined differs 1 st : Country is dominated by one ethnic group: citizenship is defined by ancestry / Ultimate ambition is homogeneity (resettlers from Eastern Europe in Germany) 2 nd : Country had colonies in the past: Inhabitants of some of the colonies were temporary citizens of the home country – reintegration (e.g. people from Algeria in France) 3 rd : Country as country of immigration: The nation is composed of different ethnic groups.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 5 There are two different principles of law to become a citizen by birth: - ius soli: "right of the soil", citizenship results from being born in [country] - ius sanguinis: "right of the blood", citizenship results from having [national] parent or parents

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 6 After these definitions we look to the different elements of the 26 questionnaires in European Censuses around legal status of a person - possibility to participate in the economic live / to be allowed to work - ethnic classification as a classification by cultural background (self-estimation) - the migration background of a person - indicator for integration

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 7 The legal status of a person – The posibility to participate in the political and social life: The main indicator is citizenship – a person's membership in a country. Only in some countries “nationality” is the equivalent of citizenship (e.g. FRA, CDN, USA). Nationality means the relationship between a person and his/her state of origin, culture, association, affiliation and/or loyalty. If respondent is not a citizen of the country of residence: the resident permit status is asked for.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 8 (a) In Census 2000 nearly all questionnaires asked for citizenship; if more then one citizenship: listing of all of them (b) sometimes a citizenship equivalent is asked in categories like "European Union", yes/no The resident permit status is given by group membership as: - immigrant - refugee - asylum seeker

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 9 The posibility to participate in the economic life: (in censuses it is rarely asked) - residence permit: temporary versus unrestricted - work permit: existing versus non existing - freedom of movement and trade

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 10 The ethnic classification and race: Self-estimation into typical categories of the countries In census questionnaire ethnic classification is asked … - "ethnic nationality" (in Estonia) - "ethnic/religious group" (in Cyprus) - "ethnic or cultural background" (in Republic of Ireland)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 11 US Census asks 1. Is this person Spanish/Hispanic/Latino? 2. What is this person's race? Mark one or more races. a) White b) Black, African American, Negro c) American Indian or Alaska Native d) Asian Indian d) Chinese d) Filipino d) Japanese d) Korean d) Vietnamese d) Other Asian e) Native Hawaiian e) Guamanian or Chamorro e) Samoan e) Other Pacific Islander f) some other race (64 combination by in maximum 4 categories) US-Census

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 12 Migratonal background of a person: (a) Is the respondent an immigrant? Problem: Remigration (migrant laborer returns after more then 1 year of absence) or Reintegration (Algerian‘s reintegration into France, resettlers from Eastern Europe in Germany) (b) Are respondent’s parents immigrants / or foreigners?

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 13 Question wording: Respondent: - Country of birth / Mother‘s place of residence at the time respondent was born - in which year respondent came to [country] Problems: changing borders (e.g. Germany or Poland after World War 2, Yugoslavia after the collapse of the system) Respondent‘s parents: - Country of birth of father - Citizenship of father - Country of birth of mother - Citizenship of mother

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 14 Integration of Immigrants into host society: The most common indicator we found is "mother tongue" Def: the language a person speaks at home normally, Def: that language a child learns first.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 15 Examples of questions in censuses 2000: What language do you speak fluently? (Cyprus) What is your mother tongue? (Estonia) Which language do you speak most at home? (Malta) Language that you usually speak in your household/family (Slovenia) Can you understand, speak, read or write Scottish Gaelic? (Scotland)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 16 List of variables formulated by the European Commission that should be asked at Census 2010: - citizenship - country of birth - year of arrival in country of residence / number of full years of settlement in [country] - country of residence before migration - reasons for migration - naturalization - country of birth of father / of mother - ethnic affiliation - mother tongue

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 17 Question wording in survey research: Eurobarometer: asks for "nationality" European Value Study (EVS): asks for - "nationality" (Definition: "Nationality is passport!") - Country of birth of respondent - Country of birth of rs. father / of rs. mother - Number of years in [country]. International Social Survey Programme: no specific question

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 18 European Social Survey: asks for … - Citizenship of respondent. - Country of birth of respondent. - Language (first, second) rs. speaks most at home - Member of an ethnic group in country of residence - Country of birth of rs. father / of rs. mother

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 19 Questions for a Questionnaire on ethnicity – our Proposal: 1. Are you a citizen of [this country]? Yesgo to question 1.1. No go to question 1.4. (actual citizenship) 1.1. What other citizenship do you hold? a. No other citizenship b. Write in the second citizenship: ………………. c. Write in the third citizenship: ………………….. (Coded as ISO and first citizenship automatically filled with the ISO of this country)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange By which legal procedure did you become citizen of [this country]? by birth go to question 3. (ethnic through one of my parents go to question 3. group) on reaching the age a majority go to question 1.3 by marriage go to question 1.3 by adoption go to question 1.3 by naturalization go to question 1.3 by descent go to question 1.3 The list of response categories can be extended in order to cover country-specific provisions 1.3. In what year did you obtain the citizenship of [this country]? Around: ……. go to question 2. (resid. status) 1.4. What citizenship do you hold? a. Write in the first citizenship: ……………………… b. Write in the second citizenship: …………………. c. Write in the third citizenship: ………………….….. d. stateless person (Coded as ISO3166-1)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange Which residential status do you hold? - I hold an unlimited residence permit - I hold a limited residence permit and a work/ employment permit - I hold a temporary residence permit but no work/employment permit - I am a refugee, asylum-seeker The list of answer categories can be prolonged according to the country specific legal settings 2.1. In what year did you acquire this residential status? Around: ……

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange To which ethnic group in [this country] do you belong? Country specific list of groups Show card based on the demographic structure of the country and featuring the main visible ethnic groups.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange Were you born in [this country]? Yesgo to question 5.1. (father/mother) No go to question In what country were you born? Write the country of birth: ………………… (Coded as ISO3166-1: If answer to 4 is yes fill automatically with the ISO of this country) 4.2. In what year did you first come to [this country]? Approximately in: ……..

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange Was your father born in [this country]? - No, he was born in: …………….. (Write the country and code as ISO3166-1) - Yes (fill automatically with the ISO of this country) 5.2. Was your mother born in [this country]? - No, she was born in: …………….. (Write the country and code as ISO3166-1) - Yes (fill automatically with the ISO of this country)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange What language do you speak most often at home? Write in the most frequently spoken language: ……………. (Coded as ISO 693-2) 6.2. Do you frequently speak a second language at home? - Yes, this is: ………………… (Write the language and code as ISO 693-2) - No

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 26 Conclusion: A European Standard Questionnaire covering socio- demographic background variables should ask for all relevant items. The relevant items are: - citizenship, - the procedure how to become citizen, - the residential status, - membership of an ethnic group, - country of birth of respondent, of respondent’s father and of respondent’s mother, - the mother tongue as an indicator for integration.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 27 The proposed questions - ask for all relevant information. - will work in each European country. The questionnaire - is short enough - limits the interview burden and is therefore practicable during fieldwork.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange 28 Thank you for your attention