Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 1

Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Brief Biography — Tom Blasingame Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 2

Short Bio: Blasingame Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Start-Up Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Start-Up Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 4

Start-Up: Unconventional Reservoir Systems are DIFFERENT Flow mechanisms (…nano-scale flow mechanisms) Fluids are often at critical state (…uniqueness? cause?) Overpressure is good (…stresses are poorly understood) Clean-up phase must be managed (…no "choke cowboys") Shales are generally dessicated (…low water recovery) Fracture patterns poorly understood (…rock mechanics) Hydrocarbon liquid production (…artificial lift) Simultaneous Exploration/Development (…fast track) "Completions can't Trump Geology" (…but we try) Unconventional Plays are "Statistical" (…lots of wells) Stimulation → Multi-Fracture Horizontal Wells (…future?) Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Overview Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Overview Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 6

Nano-Scale Flow Behavior Overview: Orientation Nano-Scale Flow Behavior Time-Rate Analysis: (aka Decline Curve Analysis) Time-Rate-Pressure Analysis: (aka Production Analysis) Practical Aspects Challenge Points for Unconventional Reservoirs Questions/Discussions Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Orientation Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Orientation Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 8

Orientation: Reservoir Engineering Aspects of UR Where we want to be: (or so we think) Fit for purpose stimulation (... oil/gas/condensate/geology) Effective reservoir monitoring (... this is important!) Early EUR (months? years?) (... prediction/correlation) Minimum Well Spacing (... geology + PVT + modeling(?)) How do we get there… Better understanding of flowback/dewatering (... optimization) Pressure-dependent properties… (... k, FcD, desorption?) Understanding of the pore-scale (... what flows/when/how) Petrophysics (... conventional petrophysics not adequate) PVT (... oil/gas/condensate/water — HP/HT) Facts of life… Analogs (... need to understand uncertainty (very high)) EUR (... minimum of 12-18 months for high confidence) IP (... may be uncorrelated with EUR) Early Productivity (... poor wells don't get better) Time-Rate Analysis (... not representative? (chaotic operations)) Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs How Small is Small? (nano-scale pores) Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 10

Pore-Scale: Nelson Pore/Molecule Size Chart Question(s): How small are pores in shale gas? Note that the size of the pores is on the order of 5-10 times the size of the fluid molecule. AAPG Bulletin, v. 93, no. 3 (March 2009) Pore-throat Sizes In Sandstones, Tight Sandstones, and Shales P.H. Nelson, USGS Perspective: The concept of pores and pore throats begins to break down at these scales. The flow path can be as small as 10-20 molecular diameters (or less). Issues: How do the fluids move? Darcy flow? Dispersion (gases)? Knudsen flow? How are the fluids stored? In the organic matter? Adsorbed? Another mechanism? Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Pore-Scale: Shale Pore Space (Barnett Example) Question(s): Where is/are the gas/liquid stored? There is porosity, often in the organic materials. Why is the phase behavior of many shales "near critical"? Nanopores? J. Sedimentary Research, v. 79/12 (2009) Morphology, Genesis, and Distribution of Nanometer-scale Pores in Siliceous Mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale Loucks, R.G., R.M. Reed, S.C. Ruppel, and D.M. Jarvie Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Pore-Scale: Petrophysics/Permeability vx vy Gas Flow SPE 107954 Improved Permeability-Prediction Relations for in Low Permeability Sands F.A. Florence, Occidental Petroleum Corp., J.A. Rushing, Anadarko Petroleum Corp., K.E. Newsham, Apache Corp., and T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U. a. Gas Slippage — Kundt, A. and Warburg, E.: "Über Reibung und Wärmeleitung verdünnter Gase, " Poggendorfs Annalen der Physik und Che-mie (1875), 155, 337. b. Knudsen "microflow" model (Modified from Karniadakis and Beskok, 2002). c. Microflow model and correlation, "fully implicit" formulation. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Time-Rate Analysis Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 14

Time-Rate: Schematic Production Performance Plot Logarithm of Rate Production Time Hyperbolic Rate Exponential Rate "Switch Point" from Hyperbolic to Exponential Economic Limit (in rate — qlimit) = Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) [The area under the hybrid (hyperbolic- exponential rate curves] Economic Limit (in time — tlimit) (tlimit) (qlimit) Discussion: Schematic Production Performance Plot The schematic represents the most common approach to EUR. Used CAREFULLY, this should be valid (other methods needed). Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Time-Rate: Flow Regimes — Multi-Fracture Horizontal Well Discussion: Very high permeability case (30 md?) → blame graduate student. Exhibits various flow regimes. Note square-root time approximation … poor man's EUR (too high). Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Time-Rate: Flow Regimes — Multi-Fracture Horizontal Well 1:2 Slope (high FcD) Formation Linear Flow Regime Compound Linear Flow Regime 1:4 Slope (low FcD) Elliptical Flow Regime Logarithm of Production Rate Bilinear Flow Regime Transition Regime Early-Time Regimes are HYPERBOLIC? 1:1 Slope Depletion (SRV?) Logarithm of Production Time Discussion: 1:2 Slope → b=2 (HIGH fracture conductivity) . 1:4 Slope → b=4 (LOW fracture conductivity). This is a schematic, it overly simplifies the system. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Time-Rate: Modified Hyperbolic Rate Relation Decline Function: D(t) Hyperbolic Function: b(t) b Function: b(t) b(t) Logarithm of Production Rate, q(t) b(t) ≈ 2 Logarithm of D(t) and b(t) q(t) 1:2 slope D(t) Logarithm of Production Time Discussion: qDb functions are DIAGNOSTIC. D(t), b(t), and b(t) are evaluated continuously (at all points). This shale gas case exhibits b=2 behavior → q = a√t (Linear Flow). Appears to be "hyperbolic," but this is just the Linear Flow portion. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Time-Rate: Power-Law Exponential Rate Relation PLE Rate Relation: Decline Function: D(t) Hyperbolic Function: b(t) b Function: b(t) Logarithm of Production Time Logarithm of D(t) and b(t) q(t) D(t) b(t) Logarithm of Production Rate, q(t) Discussion: qDb functions are DIAGNOSTIC. Power-law exponential relation is derived from: No direct analog to hyperbolic case. This is a "tight gas" reservoir case. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Time-Rate: Continuous EUR [hyperbolic] [PLE] [qg(t) vs. Gp(t)] c. CEUR governing equations. a. Continuous EUR (CEUR) process plots. b. CEUR hyperbolic, PLE, and q-Gp summary plots. d. CEUR master summary plot (all results). From: SPE 132352 (2009) Continuous Estimation of Ultimate Recovery, S. Currie, D. Ilk, and T. Blasingame, Texas A&M U. Discussion: EUR is computed at each "time step" (cumulative or incremental). EUR estimated for each model. EUR comparison plots probably min/max trends. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Time-Rate-Pressure Analysis Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 21

Time-Rate-Pressure: Flowing Material Balance Plot Question(s): What is the "Flowing Material Balance" plot? In simple terms, pwf(t) data are "converted" to pavg(t) data using the pseudosteady-state flow equation, then plotted as a straight-line extrapolation function and "solved" for gas-in-place. JCPT (June 1997), 52-55. The 'Flowing' Gas Material Balance L. Mattar and R. McNeil, Fekete Assoc. "Flowing Material Balance" Plot: Theory: Palacio and Blasingame [1993] Mattar and McNeil [1997] Agarwal et al [1999] Advantages: Straightforward and intuitive. Shut-in pressures NOT required. Direct estimation of contacted gas-in-place. Limitations: Boundary-dominated flow regime must exist. a. The "Flowing Material Balance" (Normalized Rate-Cumula-tive Function Plot) formulation is derived using the solution for the diffusivity equation during boundary-dominated flow regime. This formulation provides a direct estimate of the contacted gas-in-place using time, flowing wellbore pres-sure, and flowrate data. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Time-Rate-Pressure: Material Balance Time Question(s): Can the well-reservoir model be inferred from such data? Yes. Is diagnosis sufficient? No, we must also be able to model/history match data with a model (complete process). SPE 25909 (1993) Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves — Analysis of Gas Well Production Data J.C. Palacio and T. Blasingame, Texas A&M U. Transient Flow Boundary-Dominated Flow a. Raw (daily) rate and pressure data — bottomhole pressures are calculated, note the effect of liquid loading. b. "Transformed" data shows fractured well response at early times, very strong evidence of closed system at late times. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Time-Rate-Pressure: Flowback Analysis SPE 135607 A Comprehensive Workflow for Early Analysis and Interpretation of Flowback Data from Wells in Tight Gas/Shale Reservoir Systems D. Ilk and S.M. Currie, Texas A&M U., D. Symmons, Consultant, J.A. Rushing, Anadarko Petroleum, N.J. Broussard, El Paso, and T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U. a. Crossplot — All wells: qg versus qw. c. Crossplot — All wells: Dp2/qg versus t. b. Crossplot — All wells: pcf versus t. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) [DI]

Time-Rate-Pressure: Time-Rate Diagnostics SPE 135616 Hybrid Rate-Decline Models for the Analysis of Production Performance in Unconventional Reservoirs D. Ilk and S.M. Currie, Texas A&M U., D. Symmons, Consultant, J.A. Rushing, Apache, and T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U. a. b-derivative — Holly Branch Wells. b. b-derivative — "Shale Gas Field C" Wells. c. b-derivative — All Models (Holly Branch Well). Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) [DI]

Time-Rate-Pressure: Integration of Results SPE 140556 (2011) Integration of Production Analysis and Rate-time Analysis via Parametric Correlations — Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications D. Ilk, DeGolyer and MacNaughton, J.A. Rushing, Apache, and T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U. Horizontal well with multiple vertical fractures: "Shale Gas Field C" a. Correlation plot — kcal versus kmeas. Power-Law Exponential Relations: "Shale Gas Field C" b. Correlation plot — EURcal versus EURmeas. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Practical Aspects Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 27

Practical Aspects: Stimulation "You only produce from what you frac …" Anonymous Individual Fractures from Individual Perforation Clusters Complex Fractures from Individual Perforation Clusters Project Rulison (1971) Stimulation using Atomic Weapons Discussion: Maximizing SRV (Stimulated Reservoir Volume) Build Complexity → Slickwater Build Conductivity → Hybrid/Gel Systems Future Stimulation Challenges: Can we "rubblize" the reservoir? Can we "pulverize" the reservoir? Can we do this with little or no water? Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Practical Aspects: Clean-Up 100 101 10-5 102 103 10-4 10-3 Total Fluid Material Balance Time, days Total Fluid Productivity Index, STB/D/psi 1:2 slope Formation Linear Flow (very high fracture conductivity) Clean-up Behavior Discussion: Build choke profile slowly (2/64ths every 2-3 days). Hold choke constant once rates peak. For HPHT systems, start at 10-12/64ths, build to 12-16 64ths. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Practical Aspects: Pressure Transient Analysis Dimensionless Time Dimensionless Pressure Nearby well is being stimulated. 1:4 Slope Nearby well is being stimulated. Apparent 1:4 slope for pressure drop and pressure drop derivative functions  LOW CONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURES. Discussion: Multiple BHP pressure transient test data sets (5 wells). Apparent 1:4 slope → low conductivity vertical fractures. Data are "normalized" (dimensionless) in pressure drop and time. Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Challenge Points for Unconventional Reservoirs Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 31

Challenge Points: "What Keeps Me Up at Night…" What we REALLY know… Tight gas is relatively easy (... vertical wells, HP/HT, PVT) Gas shales are technically viable as a resource (… economics?) Horizontal multi-fractured wells (… (now) taken for granted) What we THINK know… The fracture geometry is (... planar? complex? who cares?) The phase behavior (… can be extremely complex) The ptf to pwf conversion(s) (... early-time heavy water load?) What we may NEVER know… Distribution of natural fractures (... impossible?) Transport of gas/liquids in shales (... via organic matter?) What we SHOULD KNOW in the near future… Duration of data required for EUR (... more is always better) Better understanding of phase behavior (... not "conventional") Optimal well spacing/orientation/placement (... do this early!) Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Challenge Points: "Conventional Wisdom…" Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR)? Early EUR? (... can this be meaningful?) EUR = f(t)? (... how do we incorporate this?) Well Spacing? (... is this really the holy grail?) QUANTIFYING reservoir properties? Pressure Transient Analysis (... ultra-low k ... issues?) Production Analysis (... ptf may not be sufficient) Petrophysical analysis (... theory ≠ application) Liquids-Rich Systems? Fluid-Flow Mechanisms (... what is really flowing where?) PVT (... near-critical fluids are not trivial) Improved Recovery (... we all know this is coming) Fit-for-Purpose Stimulation (... higher FcD, more complexity) Artificial Lift (... fact of life) Recovery (... low to extremely low primary recovery?) Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Challenge Points: "Everybody Has An Opinion" Never-Ending Arguments… SRV (... what is it, really?) Desorption (... significance? timing? relevance?) Stimulation Fluids (... where does it go? does it matter?) Microseismic (... crystal ball, roulette wheel, or roadmap?) Pressure-Dependent Whatever (... so what?) Natural Fractures (... if/when/why/what?) Dual Porosity/Dual Permeability (... what about the physics?) Well Placement/Effect of Layering (... when does it matter?) Things that SHOULD help… Production Logs (... but just a snapshot in time) Optimal Proppant Design/Placement (... obvious, but) Stimulation Stages/Perforation Clusters (... geology + logs) Things that DEFINITELY WOULD help… Measured pwf (... yes, this is my favorite song) Downhole Fluid Sampling (... sooner or later) Horizontal Core (... why not?) Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Challenge Points: "My Crystal Ball Tells Me…" EUR: Time-Rate Analyses (... may not be sufficient) Time-Rate-Pressure Analyses (... requires reservoir model) Constraints (... e.g., 15 years seems reasonable) Reservoir Modeling: (i.e., simulators) Present (... conventional models with modifications) Near-Future (... fundamental flow kinetics, complex geometries) Distant-Future (... pore-scale phenomena, nano-scale PVT, ?) Reservoir Engineering Tools: Material Balance Methods (... not applicable at reservoir-scale) Pressure Transient Tests (... surprisingly good in cases [need k]) Production Analysis (... very good in cases [need good ptf data]) Reservoir Fluids (... very complex, near-critical liquids) EOR (... not sure where to start — CO2, lean gas, ???) Ad-hoc Tools (... e.g., Linear flow analysis — lack resolution) Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011)

Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs End of Presentation Tom BLASINGAME Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu Presentation at SPE GCS Reservoir Study Group Houston, TX (USA) — 27 October 2011 Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Reservoirs Tom Blasingame — Texas A&M University (27 October 2011) 36