Nuclear Infrastructure Development Evaluation: Perspectives from the United States Dr. Marc A. Humphrey Office of Nuclear Energy, Safety and Security U.S. Department of State December 10, 2008 IAEA Technical Meeting/Workshop on Evaluation Methodology for Nuclear Power Infrastructure Development

Newcomer’s Perspective As the “Milestones” document shows: Nuclear power is a serious, long-term commitment Many overlapping infrastructure elements, to be developed in parallel Requires a strategic allocation of often scarce resources

Benefits of Cooperation Newcomers have much to gain from cooperation: Governments can share best practices and lessons learned Industry can supply “hardware” and “software” − Nuclear technology − Expert advice − Training − Capacity building

Technology Holder’s Perspective Technology holders must also allocate finite resources: Governments must prioritize engagements Industry must choose markets carefully Therefore, technology holders are faced with several important considerations…

Who is Serious? Commitment: sound decision-making and clear signs of preparation – Phase 1 Explain justification for decision to pursue nuclear power Adopt and adhere to international standards – Safety, security, nonproliferation, liability Establish NEPIO to oversee infrastructure development Demonstrate long-term planning

Who is Ready? Readiness: concrete steps taken to develop infrastructure – Phase 2 Establish requisite structures and institutions Prepare for international obligations Cultivate human resources Develop long-term, integrated strategy Openly evaluate infrastructure development

Who is Committed to Peaceful Uses? Peaceful intentions: Openness and transparency Adoption and adherence to nonproliferation norms Development of capacities to meet international obligations

Infrastructure Development Evaluation Benefits: Deepen understanding and enhance capacity Demonstrate determination to commit resources Establish international confidence Identify and prioritize needs Once needs and priorities are well established, states can seek appropriate forms of cooperation and assistance.

Civil Nuclear Cooperation with the United States

Cooperation with the United States Joint Declaration on Nuclear Energy and Nonproliferation Proposes broad range of cooperation: - Human resources - Legal and regulatory frameworks - Safety and security cultures - Reliable access to nuclear fuel Seeks tangible commitments to highest standards Promotes international nuclear fuel markets

Department of State As largest contributor to IAEA TCF: Funds projects Sponsors IAEA fellowships and traineeships Funds courses to develop human resources Contributes to IAEA Infrastructure Development Project Also, coordinates nuclear cooperation policies. Cooperation with the United States

Department of Energy Energy planning Site characterization Grid-appropriate reactors Safety evaluations Radioactive waste management Spent fuel management Decontamination and decommissioning Cooperation with the United States

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Expand use of nuclear power Establish reliable nuclear fuel services Support grid-appropriate reactors Enhance nuclear safeguards technology Develop and deploy recycle technology Develop and deploy advanced recycle reactors Minimize nuclear waste Addressed by U.S. AFCI program and other advanced fuel cycle partners Cooperation with the United States

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Statement of Principles signed by 25 Partner States. Infrastructure Development Working Group Reliable Nuclear Fuel Services Working Group Cooperation with the United States

Nuclear Regulatory Commission Nuclear-related legislation, rules, and regulations Nuclear safety and security Radioactive waste safety and security Nuclear reactor licensing and design certification Regulatory strengthening pilot projects with Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam. Information exchange arrangements with 39 partners. Cooperation with the United States

International Nuclear Safeguards and Engagement Program Safeguards implementation assistance, training, and equipment: SSAC and AP implementation support Nuclear infrastructure development: Safeguards legal and regulatory effectiveness Human resources development Research reactor safety and operations Radiation protection / Radioactive waste management Environmental monitoring / Emergency planning Cooperation with Algeria, Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia, Libya, Morocco, Peru, Romania, Thailand, and Vietnam.

U.S. Export-Import Bank Export credits tied to U.S. content Direct loans Loan guarantees Political risk insurance Past nuclear-sector loan guarantees with Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Mexico, Romania, and Russia. Cooperation with the United States

Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation Benefits of good management and careful coordination: Increase efficiency Conserve resources Reduce duplication of effort Attract bilateral cooperation Attract industry investment

The road to nuclear power is long. There is much to gain through cooperation. Keys to attracting technology-holder investment: Clear, long-term commitment to highest standards Concrete steps toward sound infrastructure Transparent evaluation of infrastructure development Careful coordination will increase efficiency, conserve resources, and attract technology-holder investment. Summary