* Shofar: the ram’s horn * Pa’amon: a bell or jingle * Halil: double reed of the oboe family * Keren: a horn or trumpet * Mashrokitha: a set of pipes

* Final Project Topic—Thesis Statement Due Friday * Reading Outline #10 is due Tuesday Oct 29 th * Test on Israel Thursday Oct 31st

* Toccata and Fugue

In what part of the world is Israel located? What are two languages associated with the Jews? Name a few Jewish holidays What is the toy Jewish children use for one of the holidays? What instrument did Fievel the mouse’s father play?

* Israel was a people of nomads and shepherd tribes. * In the earliest times of Judaica, it is the peasant and the shepherd who they glorify in their song. * Sumerian civilization was a great influence on Jewish culture. * Sumerian civilization goes back to 3000 BC. * The Sumerians most favored the softer stringed instruments: a large type of lyre, harps and the lute. * The cattle drivers and shepherds of Israel eased the boredom of their wanderings by singing and piping their songs or strumming the lyre, giving free reign to their emotions and feelings.

* The Israelites were enslaved by the Egyptians. * Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt—he parted the Red Sea. * The quiet and mild music of the Old Kingdom was superseded by Egyptian influences including a noisy, exciting, and many-colored tonal art. * The shofar was covered so that the worshippers may not see it. In many primitive civilizations the sight of sacred objects is denied to the people. * Jewish women on African Isle of Djerba and in the Jewish Yemenite community have preserved ancient songs from this time. * The Jewish sacred text is known as the “Torah” * The Pentateuch is: the first five books of the Torah.

1400 BC Joshua fights the battle of Jericho 1312 BC Exodus from Egypt BC Era of King David-The temple era 960 BC King Solomon’s Temple Completed 586 BC First temple is destroyed 516 BC second temple concecrated 70 AD Second temple destroyed In small groups, write the dates and events on a slip of paper, tie it to a string and tie it to a hanger creating a Kinnor time-line.

* What other country could this music originate from? * Is there harmony in this—or does everyone sing the melody? * Which takes precedence (which is more important): the words or the tune?

* These chants are of a form commonly known as antiphony that is to say, with the choruses alternating and responding to each other. * The ancient temple liturgy ascribed special melodies to each portion of the holy scriptures that figured in the service, and each melody was composed of either 2 modal motifs or of 3 or 4 motifs sung in alternation. * Only the fervent and clamorous prayer will be heard and eventually granted.

* Hallel means songs of praise recited at Passover. * They repeat the word Hallelujah at the end of each phrase * “The stone which the builders rejected has become the headstone in the corner” The law of God was written on stone tablets, becoming the root of Jewish tradition. * In chanting the words “Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord” there is a pause between “cometh” and “in the name of the Lord” because when a righteous man departs from the world the holy spirit itself will complete the psalm “in the name of the Lord”. * The psalm finishing with the words “For his mercy endureth forever”.

* Ugab: a shepherd flute. * Kinnor: a small rounded lyre used for accompanying singers * Sistrum: instrument consisting of a handle and a frame with jingling crossbars. * Plectrum: A small, flat tool used to pluck or strum a stringed instrument. * Hazozra: a loud trumpet

* The trumpet, Hazozra, was used in pairs in accordance with a most ancient belief in the power of symmetry, * During the conquest of Canaan, Joshua used the magic power of seven shofarim (rams horns) to destroy the city of Jerico. When blown seven times on the seventh day of the siege the wall of the city fell down flat. * Greek influence: Modes (scales with 4-6 notes) were associated with spiritual and ethical qualities. The particular modes had their distinct associations with certain holy days or offerings or were characteristic of definite ethical notions. * The levities were the bearers of musical culture from King David’s days.

* In small groups: * Copy the following letters in print: * aleph * bet * tav * Hey Hebrew is written from right to left, the opposite of what we do. Pronoun: You Noun: Father Verbs: come Preposition: In the…

* Identify as many instruments as possible that you hear. * Choose three words that describe the timbre of the singers voice. * This song is about the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem—how does the music reflect this?

* The trumpet fulfills the task ascribed to it in all primitive communities, namely to remind god of his people in worship as well as war. * At the beginning of this piece the winds imitate an organ. * The text is based on verses from the Lamentations of Jeremiah.

* In Bernstein’s words this Symphony is about the crisis of the century: a crisis of faith. * He dedicated his first symphony to his father, a very religious man. * The sounds and sensations of Jewishness come from Bernstein experiences in the synagogue as a youth. * Aaron Copland was a major American influence on Bernstein’s composition style.

* HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people! How is she become as a widow! She that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary! * She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies. * Judah is gone into exile because of affliction, and because of great servitude; she dwelleth among the nations, she findeth no rest; all her pursuers overtook her within the straits. * The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.

* Her adversaries are become the head, her enemies are at ease; for HaShem hath afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions; her young children are gone into captivity before the adversary. * And gone is from the daughter of Zion all her splendour; her princes are become like harts that find no pasture, and they are gone without strength before the pursuer. * Jerusalem remembereth in the days of her affliction and of her anguish all her treasures that she had from the days of old; now that her people fall by the hand of the adversary, and none doth help her, the adversaries have seen her, they have mocked at her desolations.

* What is a Shofar? * In the earliest times of Judaica, who is glorified in song? * What is Antiphony? * What is the ancient Jewish text known as? * What instrument do the winds imitate at the beginning of the Jeremiah Symphony?