/f nAl dZi/ √ /t/ [/] [t˘] [tH] [t] English 306A; Harris

Sets /water/ [ice] [steam] [water] English 306A; Harris

Sets /water/ Prototype [ice] [steam] [water] English 306A; Harris

[water] [ice] [steam] Sets Prototype English 306A; Harris WATER IS THE DEFAULT CASE. IF H20 SHOWS UP ANYWHERE, WE ASSUME IT IS LIQUID. But under conditions of freezing or evaporation, we have different material realizations. English 306A; Harris

/t/ & [t] phones, phonemes, allophones [/] [t˘] [tH] If you get a /t/--or, more precisely, a voiceless alveolar stop--in English, the default will be the vanilla flavoured, alveolar, unaspirated, unlengthened variant. Special conditions: beginnings of stressed syllables, before another alveolar stop, before a voiced sound, you get special variants. [t] English 306A; Harris

Phonemic - phonetic /p√k/ [pH√k|] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone [tH] [t] [/] /t/ = [t|] [t˘] [R] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone Phone: a speech sound Phoneme: set of related speech sounds Allophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme) Phone: a speech sound <CLICK> Phoneme: set of related speech sounds <CLICK> Allophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme) <CLICK> /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone A noise systematically exploited by communities of language users to construct signifiers A concrete thing, not an abstract thing Language independent Watch for the brackets [tH] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone A mental entity, not an acoustic entity An abstract notion, not a concrete notion Language dependent Watch for the slashes /t/ English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone Represented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceable A critical diagnostic: the minimal pair pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone Does not make sense except in terms of some specific phoneme There is no such thing as “an allophone”, only “an allophone of some phoneme” It is defined by its relationship to a phoneme /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone [tH] is not “an allophone”, it is “an allophone of /t/ (in English)” English /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone A phone can be an allophone of more than one phoneme (in a given language). English /t/ /d/ [R] English 306A; Harris

Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear [R], [d], [D] Spanish English English 306A; Harris

Phoneme*: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear [R], [d], [D] * Phonemic distinctions English 306A; Harris

Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone*: hard to hear [R], [d], [D] * Allophones of the same phoneme English 306A; Harris

Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear English Spanish soda [soR´] toro [toRo] dough [do] donde [dAnde] though [Do] todos [toDos] English 306A; Harris

Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear English Spanish easy hard [d] vs [D] [d] vs [R] [R] vs [D] [D] vs [R] English 306A; Harris

Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear English Spanish /d/ [R] [d] /d/ [D] [d] /D/ [D] /r/ [R] [r] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone A phone can be an allophone of different phonemes in different languages. English Spanish English Spanish /t/, /d/ /r/ /D/ /d/ Something some students have trouble with is thinking of phones as more-or-less absolute things, like atoms or molecules, but thinking of allophones and phonemes in RELATIVE terms. That can be a stumbling block. But they are highly relative. What is a phoneme in one language may not be in another. What is an allophone of one phoneme in one context, isn’t in another. Take these two phones <CLICK> They are both part of the phonetic inventories of Spanish and English, but in different ways. They are members of different sets. Let’s look at the phonemic level <CLICK> 3 of them are phonemes of English <CLICK> 2 of them are phonemes of Spanish<CLICK> What does this mean? (mental conception, sets of allophones) Now, what are the set relationships? The flap is an allophone of both English phonemes, /t/ and /d/ <CLICK> But in Spanish it is an allophone of /r/. <CLICK> What about eth? In English, it is an allophone of eth, the voiced interdental fricative. <CLICK>In Spanish, it is an allophone of /d/, the voiced alveolar stop. <CLICK> The English groupings go this way <CLICK>. The Spanish groupings go this way <CLICK> [R] [D] English 306A; Harris

Phone, phoneme, allophone A critical diagnostic: complementary distribution Phonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|] English 306A; Harris

Phonological processes Allophonic patterns The same alternations with classes of related sounds Phonological rules Expressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations [pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl X  Y ⁄ W        Z English 306A; Harris

Phonological processes Allophonic patterns The same alternations with classes of related sounds [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|] [tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|] [kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|] English 306A; Harris

Phonological processes [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Phones Voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

Phonological processes Phonemes Voiceless stops /p/ /t/ /k/ [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Phones Voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

Phonological processes Phonemes Voiceless stops /p/ /t/ /k/ [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Allophones and phones and voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

Phonological processes Phonological rules Express allophonic regularities Have the form: X  Y ⁄ W        Z English 306A; Harris

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] +stop -voice +syllabic +stress  +aspirated /  /p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] +stop -voice  -release ⁄ # /p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] ???  ???? ⁄ ??? ??? NO rule /p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

Phonological Rules: classes of sounds / p /  [ph] /  V / t /  [th] /  V / k /  [kh] /  V +stop -voice +syllabic +stress  +aspirated /  English 306A; Harris

Phonological processes Some English rules Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words -voice +stop  [+aspirated] /        +syllabic +stress [+stop]  [-released] ⁄       #   English 306A; Harris

Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon) [bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon) [bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? English 306A; Harris

Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone) [bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim) [+syllabic] = [+syllabic] What’s the rule? [+syllabic] English 306A; Harris

Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone) [bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule?  [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone) [bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? ⁄         [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone) [bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄         [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

Complementary distribution Vowel length: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad) [gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God) [bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

Vowel length: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad) [gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God) [bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib) What’s the rule? English 306A; Harris

Vowel length: English [bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad) [gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God) [bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib) What’s the rule? [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄         [+voice] English 306A; Harris

English vowel allophones [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. ˜ ˘ English 306A; Harris

English vowel allophones ˜ [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. i.e., V, V:, V /V/ [V:] /     [+voice] [V] /     [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ ˜ ˘ English 306A; Harris

English vowel allophones /V/ [V:] /     [+voice] [V] /     [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄         [+voice] [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄         [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about) [ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud) [fuar ]     (cold)                [¬iuF]   (wet) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

Nasalization Progressive Regressive English Scots Gaelic [bQ‚˘n] (ban) [mu)] (about) [gA‚˘n] (gone) [ne)˘l] (cloud) English 306A; Harris

Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about) [ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud) [fuar ]     (cold)                [¬iuF]   (wet) What’s the rrrrrrrule? [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]        English 306A; Harris

Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon) [/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part) English 306A; Harris

Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon) [/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part) Minimal pairs English 306A; Harris

Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon) [/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part) i.e., V, V: /V/, /V:/ English 306A; Harris

Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon) [/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part) What’s the rule? i.e., V, V: /V/, /V:/ English 306A; Harris

Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon) [/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part) What’s the rule? None! There is no allophonic variation in the data. English 306A; Harris

Aspiration: Khmer [pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also) [tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated) [kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish) English 306A; Harris

Minimal pairs Aspiration: Khmer [pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also) [tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated) [kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish) Minimal pairs English 306A; Harris

/p/, /pH/ /t/, /tH/ /k/, /kH/ Aspiration: Khmer [pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also) [tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated) [kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish) /p/, /pH/ /t/, /tH/ /k/, /kH/ Minimal pairs English 306A; Harris

/f nAl dZi/ √ (Phones), Allophones, Phonemes Minimal pairs Complementary distribution Phonological processes/rules English 306A; Harris