Southern Hemisphere Australia, NZ, SA. Colonized at about the same time, early 19th cent. So only 200 yrs; time of independent evolution 150 yrs.

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Southern Hemisphere Australia, NZ, SA. Colonized at about the same time, early 19th cent. So only 200 yrs; time of independent evolution 150 yrs.

1 Changes that occurred in Eng after the American colonization but before the S- Hemi colonization: aR-Dropping (North) bBATH Broadening (South) cDiphthong Shift (South) Southern Hemisphere basic points

aR-Dropping bBATH Broadening cDiphthong Shift. NB: These developments were not completed in Britain at the beginning of the period (and are not completed now) Parallel development? British prestige influence? Southern Hemisphere

Loss of r was not as widespread at the beginning of the 19th century as it is now; and large numbers of colonizers from rhotic areas - SW England, Scotland, and particularly Ireland (rebels). ButtS.Hemisphere is non-rhotic throughout BATH Broadening was essentially a Southern British development, not Northern British. Diphthong Shift was not advanced in the early period : parallel development since. Southern Hemisphere

2 Little or no T-glottaling, so this is a later change in BritEng. L-Vocalization seems fairly common in Aus - parallel development? Southern Hemisphere basic points

3 Front Vowel Raising: TRAP DRESS KIT Southern Hemisphere basic points

Front Vowel Raising: TRAP and DRESS Raising Aus NZ SA

Front Vowel Raising: TRAP and DRESS Raising So what happens to FLEECE ? Aus: KIT Raising

So what happens to FLEECE ?

Front Vowel Raising: KIT Raising NZ: KIT Centring

Front Vowel Raising: KIT Raising SA: KIT Split

Australia homogenous: Perth in the W and Sidney in the E kilometers between them - are virtually the same. In this respect like Canada. Social and stylist varieties rather than geographical (unlike Canada)

Australia W3 593°: "carries forward trends already present in popular accents of the SE of England in the early 19th cent, but allowed to develop more rapidly and thoroughly as a consequence of being freed from the omnipresent restraining influence of RP."

Australia Differences from Cockney: T-Glottalisation and L-Vocalization (Wells) have occurred SINCE in SEng urban accents TRAP & DRESS raising Similarities: Very similar Diphthong shifts.

Diphthong Shift: repeat (Melchers and Shaw call this “Wide Diphthongs”) Initial simplification: paint pint point RPLondon Earlier (talking) slide on Diphthong Shift from Week 1

Australia Varieties: CULTIVATED - GENERAL – BROAD Cultivated: little or no Diphth Shift General: Diphth Shift Broad: Diphth Shift + extra length of first mora.

Australia Varieties: CULTIVATED - GENERAL – BROAD Cultivated: little Front Vowel Raising General: Front Vowel Raising Broad: strong Front Vowel Raising

Aus vowels summary 1.Raising of front vowels: squashing æ e and i up together. More so in Broad varieties 2.Drag-chain result: fronting of STRUT towards [a] (also London) 3.Fronting of GOOSE, START and NURSE

Aus vowels summary

NEAR-SQUARE Merger

Aus vowels summary

Weak Vowel Merger chatted and chattered - distinct in RP, homophones in Aus

Aus vowels summary

Aus consonants summary T-Voicing is variable; not as strong as Gen Am; not clear whether there is a loss of opposition in latter - ladder

Aus consonants summary “No L-Vocalisation” (Wells) ?? No clear l- Dark l distinction; Wells: l tends to be 'pharyngealized' in all positions, rather than velarized: Wells quotes blade, telephone, happily.

Aus Broad speakers: more rhythmic, slower (Wells)