Sujuan Ye, Alexander M. Erkine, and Yunkai Liu Department of Computer Science University of South Dakota.

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Sujuan Ye, Alexander M. Erkine, and Yunkai Liu Department of Computer Science University of South Dakota

 Induced when a cell undergoes various types of environmental stresses like heat, cold and oxygen deprivation.  Present in all organisms - from bacteria to human.  Provide thermo-tolerance to cells exposed to heat stress.  Protect organisms against stress-induced damage.  Act as chaperones, which bind and stabilize proteins, aid protein folding.  Target proteins for degradation. (e.g. HSP60, HSP70, HSP100)

 Heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which binds to the heat shock elements (HSE) ◦ Perfect(PFT):TTCnnGAAnnTTC ◦ GAP(GAP): TTCn-{5bp}-nTTCnnGAA ◦ STEP(STP): GAAn-{5bp}-nGAAn-{5bp}-nGAA  Msn2 and Msn4 transcription factors, which bind to the stress response element (STRE). ◦ AGGGG-{1~100bp}-AGGGG

HSE STRE PFTGAPSTPSTRE Expected density (per kb) Density of HSGs Ratio

Number of genesGene examples HSF/HSE310 HSP60, HSP31,HSP10, HSC82, UBI4, SSA3, EDC2 MSN2/MSN4/STRE (or HSE(non- consensus)+STRE) 297 DDR2, HSP26, HSP12, CTT1, TPS2, PGM2 HSE+STRE25 HSP78, HSP104, HSP42, SSA1, HRK1, MDJ1

 Some Hsf1-regulated genes lack HSE in the promoter region  Intergenic transcripts could regulate the transcription of adjacent gene by transcription interference GAACATTCTCGAA TATAAA GLE2 TATATA TTCAGGAAGCTTCTATAAA DAK TATATA