The simulation analysis of passenger evacuation in one Subway station based on Exodus Speaker: YE Yongfeng TONGJI UNIVERSITY 7th,November, 2008

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Design requirement of people evacuation in subway station 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 4. Conclusion

1. Introduction

 Metro station: a public place with busy people flow, generally situates underground.  a large space in the metro station while relatively small number of exits  a relatively airtight area  Once a fire or other emergencies strikes, there will be considerable causalities and economic loss without proper evacuation.

the arson of Daegu Subway Station in South Korea in Feb, Introduction  198 deaths  147 injuries

1. Introduction The bomb explosion in Moscow subway station in February, 2004  40deaths  about 100 injuries the poison gas attack in Japan's subway in April, 1995  12 deaths  about 5500 injuries

1. Introduction  How to evacuate a large number of passengers and staff efficiently and safely when fire and other potential safety risks come up is a topic worth probing into.  Taking one subway station in Shanghai as a prototype  Using Building Exodus V4.0  The bottleneck and congestion during the evacuation  To find out the key issues and provide corresponding technical measures

2. Design requirement of people evacuation in subway station

1 Design requirements of the national code 2 Design requirement of evacuation performance All the people on the platform should be evacuated to safety places in 6 minutes in case of emergency ---Code for Design of metro ---Urban Rail Transit Design Standard ASET > RSET Available Safety Escape Time Required Safety Escape Time

3. Simulation analysis of a subway station

3.1 Introduction to Building Exodus  EXODUS is designed to simulate the evacuation and movement of large numbers of individuals within complex structures. Composed of six interrelated sub regarded as a powerful tool to evacuation design, evaluation and research. Building EXODUS sub-model interaction

 One subway station in Shanghai covers an area of 10965m 2  two-storied underground island style platform  2 sets of stairs and escalators  one set of cross-zigzag staircase  total number of 1521 people in the station (200 people on the platform; 1321 on one arriving train). 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.2 Introduction of the subway station The planar sketch of the platform

3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.3 The setting of the disaster environment Assuming there is an emergency (such as a bomb, threat etc.), and the disaster doesn’t actually take place. 1 Assuming a small scale fire breaks up, all the passengers in the subway station need to be evacuated. 2 Evacuation simulation under general circumstances Evacuation simulation under disaster

3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The figure of geometrical model of the platform The schematic drawing of the person distribution on the platform

 1. The results of evacuation simulation under general circumstances:  1) In the first case  the 6 staircases in the public area are open to all the people needed to be evacuated  no intervention.  The result shows that it takes 3 minutes and 55 seconds for all the people to be evacuated. The result well met the requirements in the code. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The curve diagram of escapednumber against time in the first caseunder the general circumstances

3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.3 The setting of the disaster environment Assuming there is an emergency (such as a bomb, threat etc.), and the disaster doesn’t actually take place. 1 Assuming a fire breaks up, all the passengers in the subway station need to be evacuated. 2 Evacuation simulation under general circumstances Evacuation simulation under disaster

 1. The results of evacuation simulation under general circumstances:  1) In the first case  the 6 staircases in the public area are open to all the people needed to be evacuated  no intervention.  The result shows that it takes 3 minutes and 55 seconds for all the people to be evacuated. The result well met the requirements in the code. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The curve diagram of escapednumber against time in the first caseunder the general circumstances

 2) In the second case  the escalator on the right side of public area is restricted for the use of firefighters and rescuers.  The other 5 staircases are open to all the people  No intervention.  The result shows that it takes 7 minutes and 30 seconds for all the people to be evacuated. The result does not meet the requirements in the code. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The curve diagram of escapednumber against time in the second caseunder the general circumstances Why this happen? How to solve the problem?

 Analysis shows that  all the people choose the shortest flight course  People in the right staircase cannot see the people flow in the middle and left staircase 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The distribution of people on the platform 2 minutes after the fire break up in the second case under the general circumstances  the staircase on the right side is heavily congested  The left and middle staircase were not fully used

 3 ） The third case  is similar to the second one.  when the right side staircase is congested, intervention is made to change some people’s flight course to make full use of every exit. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation

The distribution of people on the platform 2 minutes after the fire break up in the second case under the general circumstances The distribution of people on the platform 2 minutes after the fire break up in the third case under the general circumstances The distribution of people in each exit is far more even than that of the second case. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation

 3 ） The third case  is similar to the second one.  when the right side staircase is congested, intervention is made to change some people’s flight course to make full use of every exit.  The simulation results show that it takes 5 minutes for all the people to evacuate, which takes 2 minutes 30 seconds less than the second case and fulfills the requirement of the code. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The curve diagram of escapednumber against time in the second caseunder the general circumstances

 2. The computation results of evacuation under disaster  the overall heat release of the fire is 40.3 MW, each second is 1.4MW on average.  Assuming that the fire takes place near the pillar between the right- sided staircase in the middle area (the red part in Figure), and lasts for 1 hour.  The fire is simulated by Smartfire Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The planar sketch in the Smartfire calculation model

3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.3 The setting of the disaster environment Assuming there is an emergency (such as a bomb, threat etc.), and the disaster doesn’t actually take place. 1 Assuming a fire breaks up, all the passengers in the subway station need to be evacuated. 2 Evacuation simulation under general circumstances Evacuation simulation under disaster

 2. The computation results of evacuation under disaster  the overall heat release of the fire is 40.3 MW, each second is 1.4MW on average.  Assuming that the fire takes place near the pillar between the right- sided staircase in the middle area (the red part in Figure), and lasts for 1 hour.  The fire is simulated by Smartfire Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation The planar sketch in the Smartfire calculation model

The figure shows the temperature field of the section of Z axis according to the computation results. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation

 The computation result of Smartfire is introduced in the computation model of Exodus and connected with the disaster situations in all the areas of Exodus.  The computation result shows that  with the guidance of working staff and the intervention of flight course, it t takes 5 minutes 15 seconds for all the people to evacuate.  The simulated result meets the requirements of the code and no casualties occurs in the evacuation.  The fire risk without heavy fog doesn’t have significant influence on the evacuation result. 3. Simulation analysis of a subway station 3.4 The computation result and analysis of the simulation

4. Conclusion

 The conclusion drawn from the computation analysis is listed as follows.  1. Under different risks, people choose the shortest flight course automatically. Without intervention of people’s flight course, the time needed to evacuate is strongly influenced by distribution of people in the subway station.  2. During the evacuation, Some of the exits might not be used at all, while others might be heavily congested. Therefore, proper intervention can efficiently save the precious time for people to escape.  3. The design of intervention on evacuation course is to ensure the even use of each exit in evacuation.  4. Small scale fire has little influence on the evacuation.  5. Proper safety evacuation training of the working staff and rescuers, regular drilling, in time checking and updating of the fire fighting facilities can efficiently prevent major casualties.