© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Instructor name Class Title, Term/Semester, Year Institution Introductory Psychology Concepts Assessing Intelligence I

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I g-factor The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence. Fluid Intelligence Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. Crystallized Intelligence The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience. Can be applied in problem-solving situations.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Spearman: g-factor Charles Spearman (1923) - British Psychologist who argued for intelligence as a general ability. He observed that: School grades in different subjects, such as English and mathematics, were almost always positively correlated. Intellectual performance is determined partly by a g-factor (general intelligence) and partly by whatever special abilities might be required to perform a particular task. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I Howard Gardner: Eight Types of Intelligence. Gardner believes intelligence relates to different adaptive demands. He currently defines eight distinct varieties of adaptive abilities (Gardner, 2000): 1) Linguistic Intelligence: the ability to use language well, as writers do. 2) Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: the ability to reason mathematically and logically. 3) Visuospatial Intelligence: the ability to solve spatial problems or to succeed in a field such as architecture. 4) Musical Intelligence: the ability to perceive pitch and rhythm and to understand and produce music.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Howard Gardner: Eight Types of Intelligence (continued) 5) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: the ability to control body movements and skillfully manipulate objects, as demonstrated by a highly skilled dancer, athlete, or surgeon. 6) Interpersonal Intelligence: the ability to understand and relate well to others. 7) Intrapersonal Intelligence: the ability to understand oneself. 8) Naturalistic Intelligence: the ability to detect and understand phenomena in the natural world, as a zoologist or meteorologist might. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Sternberg: Three Types of Intelligence Robert Sternberg (1988, 2004) a leading proponent of the cognitive processes approach to intelligence. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence addresses: The psychological processes involved in intelligent behavior. The diverse forms that intelligence can take: 1. Analytical Intelligence involves academically oriented problem-solving skills measured by traditional intelligence tests. 2. Practical intelligence refers to the skills needed to cope with everyday demands and to manage oneself and other people effectively. 3. Creative intelligence comprises the mental skills needed to deal adaptively with novel problems. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Sternberg: Three Types of Intelligence Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I Sternberg’s theory divides the cognitive processes that underlie intelligent behavior into three specific components. Types of Intellectual Competence Underlying Cognitive Processes Analytical Intelligence Practical Intelligence Creative Intelligence MetacomponentsPerformance components Knowledge- acquisition components Encode & store information Execute strategies specified by metacomponents Plan and regulate task behavior

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Emotional Intelligence According to John Mayer and Peter Salovey, emotional intelligence involves the abilities to: read others’ emotions accurately respond to others’ emotions appropriately motivate oneself be aware of one’s own emotions regulate and control one’s own emotional responses (Mayer et al., 2004) Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Emotional Intelligence According to Mayer and Salovey, emotional intelligence includes four components or branches. The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) includes specific tasks to measure each branch. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I MSCEIT Branch 1: Perceiving emotions is measured by people’s accuracy in judging emotional expressions in facial photographs, as well as the emotional tones conveyed by different landscapes and designs. Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 3Branch 4 Perceiving emotions Using emotions to facilitate thought Understanding emotionsManaging emotions EI

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I MSCEIT Branch 2: Using emotions to facilitate thought is measured by asking people to identify the emotions that would best enhance a particular type of thinking, such as how to deal with a distressed coworker or plan a birthday party. Emotional Intelligence According to Mayer and Salovey, emotional intelligence includes four components or branches. The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) includes specific tasks to measure each branch. Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 3Branch 4 Perceiving emotions Understanding emotions EI Using emotions to facilitate thought Managing emotions

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I MSCEIT Branch 3: Understanding emotions is measured by asking people to specify the conditions under which their emotions change in intensity or type; or measuring people’s understanding of which basic emotions blend to create subtle emotions such as envy or jealousy. Emotional Intelligence According to Mayer and Salovey, emotional intelligence includes four components or branches. The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) includes specific tasks to measure each branch. Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 3Branch 4 Perceiving emotions Understanding emotions EI Using emotions to facilitate thought Managing emotions

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Introductory Psychology Concepts : Assessing Intelligence I MSCEIT Branch 4 Managing emotions is measured by asking respondents to indicate how they can change their own or others’ emotions to facilitate success or increase interpersonal harmony. Emotional Intelligence According to Mayer and Salovey, emotional intelligence includes four components or branches. The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) includes specific tasks to measure each branch. Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 3Branch 4 Perceiving emotions Understanding emotions EI Using emotions to facilitate thought Managing emotions