Antarctic Ozone “Hole” Review 2012 Craig S. Long 1 Larry Flynn 2, Bryan Johnson 3 NOAA 1-NWS/NCEP/Climate Prediction Center 2-NESDIS/STAR/Satellite Meteorology & Climatology Division 3-OAR/ESRL/Global Monitoring Division

Quick ozone review – Ozone generation cycle – Ozone depletion cycles Ozone recovery expectations NOAA-centric perspective 2012 ozone “hole” in context of 32 previous years – Various ways to monitor and measure ozone “hole” Meteorological conditions accountable for 2012 ozone size and longevity Outline

Ozone “Life” Cycle

Ozone Destruction Cycle From 2010 Ozone Assessment

Reservoir molecules DeNitrification Activation

Why Ozone Holes form over Antarctica and Not the Arctic From 2010 Ozone Assessment

Ozone Recovery Protocols From 2010 Ozone Assessment

Ozone Recovery Expectations From 2010 Ozone Assessment

Ozone Recovery Expectations

2012 Antarctic Ozone “Hole” Ozone “Hole” definition: Area in which total column ozone is less than 220 DU Satellite Perspective South Pole Perspective

Suomi-NPP OMPS Total Ozone

Ozone “Hole” Time Series

Ozone “Hole” Annual Maximum Size Using SBUV/2 v8 analyses

Ozone “Hole” Annual Mean Size Late Sept

Ozone “Hole” Monthly Mean

Monthly Mean Ozone Analysis

South Pole Ozonesonde Measurements Comparison of 2012 with 2006 which had near complete ozone depletion

South Pole Ozonesonde Measurements

South Pole Spectrophotometer Measurements Late October By late October the break down of the polar vortex lead to the early end of the 2012 ozone “hole” resulting in anomalously high total ozone values.

Meteorological Conditions PSC Area – Defines the potential size of ozone depleted air Vortex Area – Separates cold/ozone depleted polar air from ozone rich warmer mid-latitude air – Defines longevity of ozone hole What modulates these: – Wave activity and heat flux from mid-latitudes

Area of PSC Temps and Polar Vortex

Vortex, Temperature, Ozone Relationship Note how the high ozone values coincide with the warm temperatures surrounding the polar vortex. Note how the polar vortex separates the ozone rich middle latitudes from the depleted ozone values inside.

SH Polar Temperatues 50hPa SH high latitude temperatures were warm than last year and near the long term average during the SH winter/spring months. The temps raise rapidly in October due to the early vortex breakdown. 2hPa SH high latitude temperatures were consistently warm during the SH winter/spring months.

Volume of Cold Air Compared to a year (2006) with a large ozone hole, the PSC area at various levels in 2012 were much smaller.

Comparison of 2012 PSC Area with Previous Years Zonal Mean Temperature Anomaly

SH Poleward Heat Flux Heat flux activity showed several pulses in 2012 which raised temperatures and decreased the size of the PSC area/volume. The strong pulse in mid October lead to the vortex break- down and filling in of the ozone hole.

Heat Flux [v’T’] (deg m sec -1 ) 50 hPa Temperature Jul/Aug 100mb Heat Flux vs Aug/Sep 50mb Temps 2012

Heat Flux [v’T’] (deg m sec -1 ) 50 hPa Temperature Comparison of Heat Flux/Temp Relationship between MERRA and CFSR

Wave 1 and 2 activity transports heat towards polar region. Increases the temperature in the polar vortex. Shrinks the area of PSCs. Heat Flux Impacts on Polar Temperatures

Descending easterlies Role of QBO

Low Tropical Ozone High Polar Ozone BD Circulation Speeds Up High Polar Ozone Descending Easterlies

Descending cold anom

Low Ozone in Tropics, High in Extra-tropics and South Polar Region

SP August Ozone Levels are well above mean

Summary SH Polar temperatures were warm Heat Flux activity was great PSC area was small Ozone Hole size is extremely small Wave activity and temperatures don’t necessarily explain why the ozone hole size was so small. South Pole ozonesondes imply ozone levels were well above normal. Perhaps ozone depletion was equivalent to other years yet due to higher starting point the area below 240 DU threshold was smaller than those same years. Strong wave activity in Oct resulted in early end of ozone hole