1. This will cover the following: Genomic organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Structure of DNA, RNA and polypeptide. Watson and Crick Model.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes
Advertisements

Molecular Biology Fifth Edition
Molecular Biology Fourth Edition
Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
DNA: The Stuff of Life. Griffith and Transformation In 1928, British scientist Fredrick Griffith was trying to learn how certain types of bacteria caused.
Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
(Foundation Block) Dr. Sumbul Fatma
2.4 Physical chemistry of nucleic acids A Variety of DNA Structures A Variety of DNA Structures A form A form Separating the Two Strands of a DNA Double.
Characteristics of the Genetic Material
12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes. Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Identifying the Substance of Genes THINK ABOUT IT How do genes work? To answer.
Molecular Biology (Foundation Block) The central dogma of molecular biology Nucleotide chemistry DNA, RNA and chromosome structure DNA replication Gene.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
DNA Structure and Replication Honors Biology 2013.
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acid: are polymers of Nucleotides linked with 3’, 5’- phosphodiester bonds Nucleotide residues are all oriented in the same direction.
Molecular Biology of the Gene Chapter 12
DNA. Nucleic Acids Review – Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information – Genetic information = instructions for making proteins – Monomers =
Ch. 12 DNA and RNA What kind of DNA do clones have? Xeroxyribonucleic Acid What kind of DNA do joggers have? Reeboxyribonucleic Acid What do diarrhea and.
DNA structure By Dr. NAGLAA FATHY Ass. Prof. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Ass. Prof. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Benha.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins.
Hereditary Material - DNA In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase studied the genetic material of the virus called T2 that infects the bacterium E.Coli.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Purpose DNA codes for proteins and is the blueprint for life. The same DNA is found in all cells in your body (sex cells have.
DNA Structure & Function Chapter 13. DNA Structure & Function 2 Mr. Karns Genetic Material  Transformation DNA Structure  Watson and Crick DNA Replication.
Molecular Biology I-II The central dogma of molecular biology Nucleotide chemistry DNA, RNA and Chromosome Structure DNA Replication Gene Expression Transcription.
Chapter 11: DNA. In the beginning… Is the genetic material in cells protein or DNA? In order to be the genetic material, it must be… 1.Able to store information.
Standardized Test Prep
The Molecular Nature of Genes
Biologist first had to discover the chemical nature of the genes.
Nucleic Acids: Cell Overview and Core Topics. Outline I.Cellular Overview II.Anatomy of the Nucleic Acids 1.Building blocks 2.Structure (DNA, RNA) III.Looking.
Chapter 12 DNA Structure and Replication. Transformation Changes one form of bacteria into a different or some cases toxic form of bacteria EX: Griffith’s.
NOTES: 12.2 – 12.3 DNA Structure & Replication
DNA Intro. & Replication (S phase) DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Objective: D3 - Identify the components of DNA and describe…DNA replication.
THE HISTORY OF DNA FRIEDRICH MIESCHER (1869)
Have Your DNA and Eat It Too I will be able to describe the structure of the DNA molecule I will be able to explain the rules of base pairing I will understand.
DNA –Was known as a chemical in cells by the end of the nineteenth century –Has the capacity to store genetic information –Can be copied and passed from.
DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
Nucleic Acids: DNA. Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Definition: Definition: –Contains CARBON (C) and Hydrogen (H) CARBON (C) and Hydrogen (H) Large polymers.
12.2 The Structure of DNA 1)What are the chemical components of DNA? 2)What clues helped scientists solve the structure of DNA? 3)What does the double-helix.
DNA. Characteristics of DNA 1. Supplies instructions for cell processes, like how to make proteins 2. Can be copied each time a cell divides 3. It is.
DNA. Biomolecules – Remember 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3. Nucleic acids – hold genetic information; code for proteins 4.Proteins.
By 1947, Erwin Chargaff had developed a series of rules based on a survey of DNA composition in organisms. He already knew that DNA was a polymer of nucleotides.
Genes Are DNA Chapter 2. Genes Are DNA Aala A. Abulfaraj.
DNA Structure DNA STRUCTURE Each nucleotide is composed of (1) a Phosphate group (2) a five – carbon sugar (or Pentose), and.
Molecular Biology. The study of DNA and how it serves as a chemical basis of heredity.
DNA structure (with a side of RNA). The sugar HOCH 2 OH H H H H HOCH 2 OH H H H.
Chapter #12 – DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis. I. DNA – experiments & discoveries A. Griffith and Transformation Frederick Griffith – British scientist.
Unit 7 (A)-DNA Structure Learning Targets I can describe the role that Wilkins, Franklin, Watson, and Crick had in the discovery of the structure of DNA.
DNA Vocabulary Draw a word from the bucket Complete a 4 Corners mini poster about your word! Remember to make your poster neat and colorful!! Vocabulary.
Molecular Biology - I Dr. Sumbul Fatma Clinical Chemistry Unit Department of Pathology.
The Structure of DNA -Identify the components of DNA and how they pair up. -Discuss the scientists responsible for the identification of DNA’s structure.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA structure DNA is a nucleic acid –composed of many nucleotides –A nucleotide is composed of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate.
DNA and RNA Structure and Function Chapter 12 DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Section 12-1.
DNA
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
DNA and its Structure.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Lesson: Structure of DNA Key Questions:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
DNA Chapter 12.
Dr. Israa ayoub alwan Lec – 3-))
Presentation transcript:

1

This will cover the following: Genomic organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Structure of DNA, RNA and polypeptide. Watson and Crick Model. 2

3

 Structure compared to a twisted ladder  Curving sides of the ladder represent the sugar- phosphate backbone  Ladder rungs (Stairs) are the base pairs  There are about 10 base pairs per turn  Arrows indicate that the two strands are antiparallel 2-4

 The DNA molecule is a double helix, with sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and base pairs on the inside  The bases pair in a specific way: (Chargaff)  Adenine (A) with thymine (T)  Guanine (G) with cytosine (C) 5

 Hershey & Chase investigated bacteriophage, virus particle by itself, a package of genes.  It has no metabolic activity of its own  When virus infects a host cell, the cell begins to make viral proteins.  Viral genes are replicated and newly made genes with viral protein assemble into virus particles.  Some viruses contain DNA genes, but other viruses have RNA genes, either double- or single-stranded. 6

 DNA and RNA molecules can appear in several different structural variants  Changes in relative humidity will cause variation in DNA molecular structure  The twist of the DNA molecule is normally shown to be right-handed, but left-handed DNA was identified in

8

 Watson and Crick based their model (known as the B-DNA helix).  X-ray provided information about properties of the double helix that are averaged over its constituent residues.  X-ray diffraction studies of dehydrated DNA fibers revealed a different form called A-DNA.  A-DNA appears when the relative humidity is reduced to less than about 75%.  A-DNA, like B-DNA, is a right-handed double helix made up of antiparallel strands held together by Watson-Crick base-pairing.  The A helix is wider and shorter than the B helix, and its base pairs are tilted (Skewed) rather than perpendicular (Upright) to the helix axis 9

10

 Ratios of G to C and A to T are fixed in any specific organism  The total percentage of G + C varies over a range to 22 to 73%  Such differences are reflected in differences in physical properties 2-11

 With heating, noncovalent forces holding DNA strands together weaken and break  When the forces break, the two strands come apart in denaturation or melting  Temperature at which DNA strands are ½ denatured is the melting temperature or T m  GC content of DNA has a significant effect on T m with higher GC content meaning higher T m 2-12

 In addition to heat, DNA can be denatured by:  Organic solvents  High pH  Low salt concentration  GC content also affects DNA density  Direct, linear relationship  Due to larger molar volume of an A-T base pair than a G-C base pair 2-13

 GC content of a natural DNA can vary from less than 25% to almost 75%  GC content has a strong effect on physical properties that increase linearly with GC content  Melting temperature, the temperature at which the two strands are half-dissociated (separated) or denatured  Low ionic strength, high pH and organic solvents also promote DNA denaturation 14

 After two DNA strands separate, under proper conditions the strands can come back together  Process is called annealing or renaturation  Three most important factors:  Temperature – best at about 25 C (below The melting temperature) T m  DNA Concentration – within limits higher concentration better likelihood that 2 complementary will find each other  Renaturation Time – as increase time, more annealing will occur 15

Polynucleotide Chain Hybridization  Hybridization is a process of putting together a combination of two different nucleic acids  Strands could be 1 DNA and 1 RNA  Also could be 2 DNA with complementary or nearly complementary sequences 2-16

 DNA size is expressed in 3 different ways:  Number of base pairs  Molecular weight – 660 is molecular weight of 1 base pair  Length – 33.2 Å per helical turn of 10.4 base pairs  Measure DNA size either using electron microscope or gel electrophoresis 17

 B circular  A linear Circular Supercoiled 18 Various shapes of DNA

19

 Natural DNAs come in sizes ranging from several kilobases to thousands of megabases  The size of a small DNA can be estimated by electron microscopy  This technique can also reveal whether a DNA is circular or linear and whether it is supercoiled 20