APES pre AP Test Final Review part 3 2014

AP Test is broken down into the following categories: I Earth Systems and Resources (10%–15%) Monday Morning Review Earth Science Concepts (Geologic time scale; plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude) The Atmosphere (Composition; structure; weather and climate; atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis effect; atmosphere-ocean interactions; ENSO) Global Water Resources and Use (Freshwater/saltwater; ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial, and domestic use; surface and groundwater issues; global problems; conservation) Soil and Soil Dynamics (Rock cycle; formation; composition; physical and chemical properties; main soil types; erosion and other soil problems; soil conservation)

II The Living World (10%–15%) Monday Morning Review Ecosystem Structure (Biological populations and communities; ecological niches; interactions among species; keystone species; species diversity and edge effects; major terrestrial and aquatic biomes) Energy Flow (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids) Ecosystem Diversity (Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution; ecosystem services) Natural Ecosystem Change (Climate shifts; species movement; ecological succession) Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, water, conservation of matter)

Tuesday Morning Review III Population (10%–15%) Population Biology Concepts (Population ecology; carrying capacity; reproductive strategies; survivorship) Human Population

Tuesday Morning Review IV Land and Water Use (10%–15%) Agriculture Forestry (Tree plantations; old growth forests; forest fires; forest management; national forests) Rangelands(Overgrazing; deforestation; desertification; rangeland management; federal rangelands) Other Land Use Mining (Mineral formation; extraction; global reserves; relevant laws and treaties) Fishing (Fishing techniques; overfishing; aquaculture; relevant laws and treaties) Global Economics (Globalization; World Bank; Tragedy of the Commons; relevant laws and treaties)

Wednesday Morning Review V. Energy Resources and Consumption (10%–15%) Energy Concepts (Energy forms; power; units; conversions; Laws of Thermodynamics) Energy Consumption Fossil Fuel Resources and Use (Formation of coal, oil, and natural gas; extraction/purification methods; world reserves and global demand; synfuels; environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources) Nuclear Energy (Nuclear fission process; nuclear fuel; electricity production; nuclear reactor types; environmental advantages/disadvantages; safety issues; radiation and human health; radioactive wastes; nuclear fusion) Hydroelectric Power (Dams; flood control; salmon; silting; other impacts) Energy Conservation (Energy efficiency; CAFE standards; hybrid electric vehicles; mass transit) Renewable Energy (Solar energy; solar electricity; hydrogen fuel cells; biomass; wind energy; small-scale hydroelectric; ocean waves and tidal energy; geothermal; environmental advantages/disadvantages)

VI Pollution (25%–30%) Wednesday Morning Review Pollution Types Impacts on the Environment and Human Health Economic Impacts (Cost-benefit analysis; externalities; marginal costs; sustainability)

VII Global Change (10%–15%) Thursday Morning Review VII Global Change (10%–15%) Stratospheric Ozone (Formation of stratospheric ozone; ultraviolet radiation; causes of ozone depletion; effects of ozone depletion; strategies for reducing ozone depletion; relevant laws and treaties) Global Warming (Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect; impacts and consequences of global warming; reducing climate change; relevant laws and treaties) Loss of Biodiversity

Look at the world map below and determine the locations of developing countries, 3 countries with the most coal and location of the largest hydroelectric dam. A B E D C

Look at the world map below and determine the locations of developing countries, 3 countries with the most coal A, B, E and location of the largest hydroelectric dam B. A B E D C

Name the type of energy that relies on the sun Name the type of energy that relies on the sun. List a negative externality of this type of energy.

Name the type of energy that relies on the sun Name the type of energy that relies on the sun. List a negative externality of this type of energy. Solar energy: the photovoltaic cells are expensive, only work during the day unless batteries are used and batteries contain toxic metals like lead, lithium or cadmium that are difficult to recycle.

This type of roof conserves energy This type of roof conserves energy. What is it called and is it an example of passive solar energy?

This type of roof conserves energy This type of roof conserves energy. What is it called and is it an example of passive solar energy? Green roofs are a form of passive solar energy. Give three more example of passive solar energy techniques.

Give three more example of passive solar energy techniques Give three more example of passive solar energy techniques. Windows facing east or south, deciduous trees for shade in summer (winter no shade), thick walls, energy absorbing floors

Name 3 negative externalities of nuclear fission energy sources.

Name 3 negative externalities of nuclear fission energy sources Name 3 negative externalities of nuclear fission energy sources. Nuclear material used to boil the water has a long half life and is difficult to dispose, nuclear materials can cause cancer, expensive to build, and lots of water is required to cool the reactor and can result in thermal pollution.

What major advantage to nuclear power plants have over coal power plants in terms of air pollution?

What major advantage to nuclear power plants have over coal power plants in terms of air pollution? Nuclear power plants do not release carbon dioxide or lead or sulfur or methane into the air.

Materials used to power nuclear power plants are considered safe after 10 half lives. How much of a 100 kg radioactive sample will be left after 10 half lives?

Materials used to power nuclear power plants are considered safe after 10 half lives. How much of a 100 kg radioactive sample will be left after 10 half lives? Half Life Sample Size in KG 100 1 50 2 25 3 12.5 4 6.25 5 3.125 6 1.56 7 0.78 8 0.39 9 0.195 10 0.1

High level radioactive waste causes cancer, is unpopular with NIMBYs and takes a long time to become safe. Where is nuclear waste stored?

High level radioactive waste causes cancer, is unpopular with NIMBYs and takes a long time to become safe. Where is nuclear waste stored? On site until a more permanent facility is built.

List 3 negative externalities of using biomass as an energy source.

List 3 negative externalities of using biomass as an energy source List 3 negative externalities of using biomass as an energy source. Deforestation, loss of habitat, produces CO2 and CO, can lead to erosion

Name two negative externalities of wind turbines.

Name two negative externalities of wind turbines Name two negative externalities of wind turbines. Only work in windy areas, can be noisy, require batteries that have toxic metals like lead, lithium and cadmium, blades can kill birds

Stratospheric ozone is important because

Stratospheric ozone is important because it blocks ultra violet rays from the sun

What can destroy stratospheric ozone?

What can destroy stratospheric ozone What can destroy stratospheric ozone? CFCs which are produced to manufacture styrofoam, aerosols and freon in air conditioning.

How is tropospheric ozone produced and why is it considered a pollutant?

How is tropospheric ozone produced and why is it considered a pollutant? Volatile organic compounds (from paint, cleaning products, etc. and nitrous oxides from the combustion of fossil fuels react in sunlight to form zone. Ozone causes plant tissue damage and respiratory problems in animals.

Name 3 things that can be done to cars to minimize the amount of ozone in the troposphere.

Name 3 things that can be done to cars to minimize the amount of ozone in the troposphere. Increase gas mileage, drive less, use catalytic converters, switch to fuel cells

Name 3 ways that carbon dioxide is produced and explain why it is considered a pollutant.

Name 3 ways that carbon dioxide is produced and explain why it is considered a pollutant. Produced during respiration, erosion of limestone, combustion of oil, natural gas, and coal. It is a greenhouse gas and can make the earth hotter.

How is methane produced and why is it considered a pollutant?

How is methane produced and why is it considered a pollutant How is methane produced and why is it considered a pollutant? Decay of organic material in landfills or open spaces, from cow flatulence, burning manure, use of natural gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas.

Where does radon come from and why is it considered a pollutant?

Where does radon come from and why is it considered a pollutant?

Where does asbestos come from and why is it considered a pollutant?

Where does asbestos come from and why is it considered a pollutant Where does asbestos come from and why is it considered a pollutant? A threadlike silicate mineral that was used in the automotive industry, home insulation and in shipbuilding. Asbestos fibers can cause lung cancer.

Mercury can bioaccumulate in fish. How does mercury get into a pond?

Mercury can bioaccumulate in fish. How does mercury get into a pond Mercury can bioaccumulate in fish. How does mercury get into a pond? Coal plants emit mercury which enters atmosphere and falls to earth with rain.

Name 3 gases that cause the greenhouse effect and 2 negative externalities associated with the greenhouse effect.

Name 3 gases that cause the greenhouse effect and 2 negative externalities associated with the greenhouse effect. Water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane and CFCs. Can cause glaciers to melt, rising sea level, flooding, temperatures to warm for animals, animal migrations, loss of habitat, acidic ocean, change in weather patterns.

Even though CFC’s are mostly involved in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and are far less abundant in the troposphere than carbon dioxide, why are they considered a potent greenhouse gas?

Even though CFC’s are mostly involved in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and are far less abundant in the troposphere than carbon dioxide, why are they considered a potent greenhouse gas? CFCs are better at absorbing thermal radiation than carbon dioxide.

High levels of fecal coliform in streams indicates that the water

High levels of fecal coliform in streams indicates that the water has been contaminated with human or animal wastes

List the 4 basic steps that a water treatment plant follows to treat waste water.

List the 4 basic steps that a water treatment plant follows to treat waste water. Screen out debris, add air and bacteria, let the bacteria consume the sewage, kill the bacteria with chlorine, ozone or UV light, add flocculent to remove suspended particles.

What is the difference between a point source and a non point source of pollution?

What is the difference between a point source and a non point source of pollution? Point sources are a specific pipe while a nonpoint source comes from a large area

DDT is a persistent insecticide that has not been used in the US since the 1970s. DDT has never been used in Antarctica, yet it has been found in penguin eggs in 2014. How did the DDT get in the eggs?

DDT is a persistent insecticide that has not been used in the US since the 1970s. DDT has never been used in Antarctica, yet it has been found in penguin eggs in 2014. How did the DDT get in the eggs? DDT has a long half life and can be spread through ocean and air currents and can become transferred through the penguins food chain.

DDT has not been used in California since the 1970s, but some people have recently developed reproductive problems that may be caused by DDT. How could DDT get into their tissues?

DDT has not been used in California since the 1970s, but some people have recently developed reproductive problems that may be caused by DDT. How could DDT get into their tissues? DDT is applied to produce from other countries, DDT can be consumed by small fish and move up the food chain into humans - biomagnification

Tobacco budworms are a pest Tobacco budworms are a pest. What is happening to the survival of the worms over time?

Tobacco budworms are a pest Tobacco budworms are a pest. What is happening to the survival of the worms over time? Budworm survival is increasing. This illustrates the pesticide treadmill. Define this concept.

The pesticide treadmill states that pests develop resistance to insecticides and stronger and stronger doses must be applied. This illustrates the pesticide treadmill. Define this concept.

Determine the LD50 of the red chemical from the graph below.

Determine the LD50 of the red chemical from the graph below. 3.5

GMOs and synthetic fertilizers and insecticides are not used by organic farmers. What are GMOs? Name two negative externalities of GMOs.

GMOs and synthetic fertilizers and insecticides are not used by organic farmers. What are GMOs? Name 2 negative externalities of GMOs. Genetically modified organisms. GMOs could interact with native gene pool, may cause deleterious mutations, cause native strains to go extinct, may cause human health problems.

Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Name 2 environmental laws that regulate hazardous waste.

Name 2 environmental laws that regulate hazardous waste.