Chapter 15 – Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism and Social Criticism Positivism and Darwinism.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 15 – Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism and Social Criticism Positivism and Darwinism

Realism Realism: “The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.”  Opposed to Idealism and Romanticism  Examples: Gustave Courbet (art/painting) Ivan Turgenev, Sketches (writer) Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace and Anna Karenina (writer) Charles Dickens, Bleak House and Hard Times (writer) Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary(writer)

Naturalism Naturalism: “The system of thought holding that all phenomena can be explained in terms of natural causes and laws.”  A return to Enlightenment rationalism, especially influenced by Rousseau  Examples: Emile Zola (writer) Henrik Ibsen, Pillars of Society and A Doll’s House (playwright)

Positivism Positivism: “A doctrine contending that sense perceptions are the only admissible basis of human knowledge and precise thought.”  Rejected metaphysics of Romanticism and Idealism  Auguste Comte’s “Law of the Three Stages” theological (supernatural), metaphysical (abstract), scientific (positive) A historical process

Darwinism Charles Darwin ( ) Built upon ideas questioning the biblical account of creation which did not stand up to scientific examination  Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life (1794)  Sir Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology ( ) Voyage of the HMS Beagle ( ) Origin of Species (1859) Descent of Man (1871)

Darwin Terms Theory of Evolution: “descent with modification” Natural Selection: “the evolutionary process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common” Survival of the Fittest: “a metaphorical phrase used to describe natural selection"

Social Impact of Darwin’s Ideas Darwin and Christianity  Fundamentalism, intelligent design, and secular science Social Darwinism  “The application of Darwinism to the study of current human society, specifically the theory that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority”  Used to support imperialism, racism, and extreme nationalism and militarism - Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War (1911)  Karl Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science (1900)  Widely accepted … US Senator Albert J. Beveridge  Led to a pseudo-scientific support for blatant racism

Social Darwinism