WH movement 1 Oct. 15, 2012 – Day 19 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

C OURSE MANAGEMENT We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund. 10/15/12 2 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

R EVIEW Ex /15/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 3

WH-MOVEMENT Radford § /15/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 4

INDUCTIVE INTRODUCTION Normal vs. echo questions 1a) What languages can you speak? 2a) You can speak what languages? 1b) Which one would you like? 2b) You would like which one? 1c) Who was she dating? 2c) She was dating who? 1d) Where are you going? 2d) You are going where? 10/15/12 5 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

WH QUESTION TREE (5.3) 10/15/12 6 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN she AuxP T Af 3sPast CøCø VP Aux was V dating PRN who was+Af 3sPast was C’C’ CP PRN who Note that Radford does not put ‘was’ in Aux.

SOME DETAILS Evidence that the Wh-phrase is in the specifier of CP Belfast English (4) & spontaneous speech (6) 4a) I wonder which dish that they picked. 4b) They didn’t know which model that we had discussed. 6a) %I wonder what kind of party that they have in mind. 6b) *I wonder what that they have in mind. In other varieties of English, these sentences violate the Complementizer Condition: An overt complementizer cannot have an overt specifier in the superficial structure of the sentence. Clause typing Assume that every clause must be identified as a certain type. A clause is typed as interrogative if it contains an interrogative head or specifier. 10/15/12 7 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS THAT MOVE A WH-PHRASE 7a) He hadn’t realized what a fool he was making of himself. (relative clause) 7b) She is someone who you can trust. (relative clause) 7c) It is bigger than I expected it to be. (comparative clause) 7d) Ames was a spy, as the FBI eventually discovered. ( as clause) 7e) Syntax is tough to understand. ( tough clause) 10/15/12 8 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

WH-MVT AS COPYING & DELETION Radford §5.3 10/15/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 9

H YPOTHESIS Copy = trace or trace copy 10/15/12 10 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

EVIDENCE FOR THE COPY More have cliticization, p Preposition copying: copy of preposition is not deleted 14a) In what enormity is Marcius poor in? (Shakespeare) 15a) IKEA only actually has ten stores from which to sell from. (contemporary) = IKEA only actually has ten stores from which to sell from which Split or discontinuous spellout 18a) What hope of finding any survivors could there be? = What hope of finding any survivors could there be what hope of finding any survivors? 18b) What hope could there be of finding any survivors? 21) = What hope of finding any survivors could there be what hope of finding any survivors? Picture reflexives: who is the picture of? 22) Joe wonders which picture of himself Jim bought. Joe but not Jim c-commands himself, see next slide. 23) = Joe wonders which picture of himself Jim bought which picture of himself. 10/15/12 11 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

QP which picture of himself PICTURE REFLEXIVE 10/15/12 12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’DetP ø Jim T Af 3sPast CøCø VP V bought C’C’ CP QP which picture of himself T’T’ VP wonder TP DetP ø Joe T Af 3sPast

NEXT TIME Continue WH movement 10/15/12 13 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane