A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Musical structure and emotional expression Gabrielsson, A. & Lindtröm, E. (2001). The influence of musical structure and emotional expression. In In: P.N. Juslin & J.A. Sloboda (Eds)(2001). Music and Emotion, OUP, Chapter 11
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Methodological approaches Free phenomenological descriptions Choice among descriptive terms, adjectives, or nouns, provided by the investigator Ratings how well such descriptive terms applied to the music in question
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Emotional expression using real music Free descriptions and choice among descriptive terms Ratings and multivariate analysis techniques Continuous recordings of emotional expressions Non-verbal responses Specially composed music
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Manipulation of structural factors without musical context Intervals Mode Rhythm and tempo Melodic properties Synthesized tone sequences
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Manipulation of structural factors in musical context
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Effects of separate musical factors Tempo Mode Loudness Pitch Intervals Melody melodic range melodic direction (pitch contour melodic motion Harmony Tonality Rhythm Timbre Articulation Amplitude envelope Musical form
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Tempo fast: activity/excitement; happiness/joy/pleasantness; potency; surprise; anger; fear slow: calmness/serenity; dignity/solemnity; sadness; tenderness; boredom; disgust
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Mode major: happiness/joy; graceful, serene; solemn; minor: sadness; dreamy; dignified; tension; disgust; anger
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Loudness loud: intensity/power; tension; anger; joy soft: softness; tenderness; sadness; solemnity; fear
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Pitch high: happy; graceful; serene; dreamy; exciting; surprise; potency; anger; fear; activity low: sadness; dignity/solemnity; vigor; excitement; boredom; pleasantness large pitch variation: happiness; pleasantness; activity; surprise small pitch variation: disgust; anger; fear; boredom
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Melodic range wide: joy; whimsicality; uneasiness narrow: sad; dignified; sentimental; tranquil; delicate; triumphant
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Melodic direction ascending: dignity; serenity; tension; happiness; fear; surprise; anger; potency descending: exciting; graceful; vigorous; sadness; boredom; pleasantness
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Harmony simple and consonant: happy/gay; relaxed; graceful; serene; dreamy; dignified; majestic complex and dissonant: excitement; tension; vigor; anger; sadness; unplesantness
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Tonality chromatic harmony: sad; angry tonal: joyful; dull; peaceful atonal: angry
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Rhythm regular/smooth: happiness; dignity; majesty; peace irregular/rough: amusement; uneasiness; anger varied: joy firm: sadness; dignity; vigor flowing/fluent: happy/gay; graceful; dreamy; serene
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Timbre many harmonics: potency; anger; disgust; fear; activity; surprise amplified higher harmonics: anger few, low harmonics: pleasantness; boredom; happiness suppressed higher harmonics: tenderness; sadness
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Articulation staccato: gaiety; energy; activity; fear; anger legato: sadness; tenderness; solemnity; softness
A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Amplitude envelope (refers to the type of attack and decay of tones) sharp envelope (rapid attack and decay): anger; happiness; surprise; activity round: tenderness; sadness; fear; disgust; boredom; potency