Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010

Unit 8B: Motivation and Emotion: Emotions, Stress and Health

Unit Overview Theories of Emotion Embodied Emotion Expressed Emotion Experienced Emotion Stress and Health Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Theories of Emotion

Theories of emotions Emotion –Physiological arousal –Expressive behavior –Conscious experience Common sense theory

Theories of emotions James-Lange theory

Theories of emotions James-Lange theory

Theories of emotions James-Lange theory

Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard theory

Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard theory

Theories of emotions Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer

Theories of emotions Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer

Theories of emotions Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer

Theories of emotions

Embodied Emotion

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system –Sympathetic nervous system arousing –Parasympathetic nervous system Calming –Moderate arousal is ideal

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions Different movie experiment

Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions Differences in brain activity –Amygdala –Frontal lobes Nucleus accumbens –PolygraphPolygraph

Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion Spill over effect –Schachter-Singer experiment Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion Influence of the amygdala

Expressed Emotion

Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues –Duchenne smile

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback

Experienced Emotion

Fear Adaptive value of fear The biology of fear –amygdala

Anger –Evoked by events –CatharsisCatharsis –Expressing anger can increase anger

Happiness –Feel-good, do-good phenomenonFeel-good, do-good phenomenon –Well-beingWell-being

Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison Happiness and Prior Experience –Adaptation-level phenomenonAdaptation-level phenomenon Happiness and others’ attainments –Relative deprivationRelative deprivation

Happiness Predictors of Happiness

Stress and Health

Introduction Health psychology Behavioral medicine

Stress and Illness Stress –Stress appraisal

Stress and Illness The Stress Response System Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)general adaptation syndrome (GAS) –Alarm –Resistance –exhaustion

Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease Type A versus Type B –Type AType A –Type BType B

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) –LymphocytesLymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes –Stress and AIDS –Stress and Cancer

The End

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Definition Slides

Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Two-factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Facial Feedback = the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

Catharsis = emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon = people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Well-being = self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Adaptation-level Phenomenon = our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Relative Deprivation = the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Behavioral Medicine = an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Psychophysiological Illness = literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.