Physiological Differences – Polygraph – supports Cannon- Bard Theory Used to detect lies measures physiological responses such as perspiration, heart rate, breathing Problems – Anxiety, irritation, guilt have similar physiological activity Guilty Knowledge Test – assesses physiological responses to crime scene details only known by investigators

Cognition and Emotion Sometimes emotions precede cognition (Zajonc) – Develop emotional preference for stimuli to which have been unknowingly exposed. Some emotions occur without cognition, by-passing the cortex (LeDoux).Go directly from thalamus to amygdala = fast/ automatic emotional response – Ex. Jump at rustling bushes in the forest (fear most likely precedes conscious thinking) Emotions arise when appraise event to be beneficial or harmful whether we know it or not(Lazarus)

Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues – Facial muscles – Eyes (fear/anger) and mouth (happiness) – Duchenne smile – Difficult to detect lying Introverts better than extroverts

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Women better than men Detecting emotions Empathy Emotional responsiveness Facial expressions of emotion Exception: anger

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression Similarities: display and interpret facial expressions – universal (Eckman) Differences Individualistic countries – convey visible facial expressions of inner feelings Gestures vary

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback – effect of facial expressions on emotion – Example: Behavior Feedback Theory – effect of your behavior on emotions – Example:

Basic Emotions 10 Basic Emotions at birth(Izard) Other’s are combo of the 10 basic

Fear Adaptive value of fear Learned – Conditioning - fear things associated with naturally painful or traumatic experiences – Observational Learning The biology of fear – Amygdala Phobias – fear disrupts ability to cope

Anger – Evoked by events – Catharsis – emotional release Catharsis hypothesis – relieves aggressive urges/calms temporarily if – Directed against provoker – Justifiable – Target not intimidating Example: – Expressing anger can increase anger

Happiness – Feel-good, do-good phenomenon – people are more helpful when in a good mood. Example : – Well-being – happiness/satisfaction with life Example:

Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

Happiness Happiness and Prior Experience – Adaptation-level phenomenon - tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced Happiness and others’ attainments – Relative deprivation – tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by others’ attainment Example -

Happiness Predictors of Happiness

Stress and Health Health psychology - subfield of psychology that contributes to the prevention and treatment of illness – Example: Behavioral medicine - interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease

Stress and Illness Stress - process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges. – Stress appraisal – Short-lived or perceived as challenges = positive effects Mobilizes immune system Motivates – Prolonged = harms Activation of sympathetic nervous system Fight or flight (Cannon) - Adrenal glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood steam – Cortisol (outer part of adrenal glands) Tend and befriend (women) – oxytocin

Stress Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) Life Changing Units (LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc… The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS. Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Describes our response to a stressful event. Three stages 1.Alarm 2.Resistance 3.Exhaustion – Sources of Stress – daily hassles, too many things to do

General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease – closing of vessels that nourish the heart Type A versus Type B (Friedman and Rosenman) – Type A – hard-driving impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone – Type B – easygoing, relaxed

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses – stress related physical illness – Examples – hypertension, headaches Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) – how psych, neural and endocrine system together affect immune system – Lymphocytes – 2 types of white blood cells B lymphocytes – In bone marrow,release antibodies T lymphocytes – In thymus and other lymphatic tissue, attack cancer cells, viruses – Macrophage – Immune system agent that ingests worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria – Natural Killer (NK cells) - Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called

Stress and Disease Arthritis – overactive immune system causes body to attack own tissue AIDS – stress can speed progression of HIV to AIDS by limiting production of lymphocytes Cancer – doesn’t create cancer cells, but may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of t-lymphocytes