Behaviourism www.peter-scales.org.uk What??!! No objectives?!

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The Behaviourist approach Behaviourist Approach (AO1) MUS T Name and outline: 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3. Social Learning Theory.
Advertisements

The Tales of Operant Conditioning. Once Upon A Time, There Was Operant Conditioning… Operant Conditioning was a method of learning for all the people.
ÖĞRENME VE ÖĞRETMENİN KURAMSAL TEMELLERİ The Theoretical Basics in Learning and Teaching.
Behaviorism & Behaviorist EDT 610 Instructional Design : Theories & Models Presented By: Latressia Barnett.
PSYCHOLOGY: LEARNING Learning can be defined as the process leading to relatively permanent behavioral change or potential behavioral change.
Learning Unit 5. Topics in Learning Unit Defining Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning.
Operant and Classical Conditioning.  Cognition: how we acquire, store, and use knowledge  Learning: A change in knowledge or behaviour as a result of.
LEARNING.
Famous Psychology Experiments
1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize Dog.
1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize Dog.
Chapter 7: Learning 1 What is learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience First test - purpose? To assess learning First test.
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.
Chapter 7 Learning. Classical Conditioning Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience Ivan Pavlov: – Noticed.
Learning Theories Learning To gain knowledge, understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or experience.
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LearningLearning Chapter 5.
Learning Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning in Real Life Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning in Real Life Social-Cognitive Learning Theories.
Learning: A Lesson on Behaviorism Psychology Unit 2: Learning Grade Level: 11 th and 12 th Kyle Muntzinger Psychology Unit 2: Learning Grade Level: 11.
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.
Psychology Learning: Principles and Applications.
Learning Review Flashcards for Terms on the Test.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5–15–1 Chapter Five Learning.
Learning. A. Introduction to learning 1. Why do psychologists care about learning? 2. What is and isn’t learning? IS: A relatively permanent change in.
Behavioral Views of Learning Cluster 6 “We are by nature observers and thereby learners. That is our permanent state.” Ralph Waldo Emerson Understanding.
Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Learning Chapter 6.
Unit 4: Learning “Operant Conditioning”. Behaviorism To a Behaviorist: Everything you know, everything you are is the result of human behavior. Psychology.
 Learning is acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of.
Consultancy Project Experiential Learning MGT529 Dr. Khurrum S. Mughal.
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc Chapter 5 Learning.
LEARNING  a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of an experience.  essential process enabling animals and humans to adapt to their.
Learning Experiments and Concepts.  What is learning?
Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Psychologists- Learning Theoriest
Module 10 Operant & Cognitive Approaches. Thorndike’s Law of Effect l Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed.
Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”
Module 10 Operant & Cognitive Approaches. OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning –Also called _________________________________ –Kind of learning in.
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.
Knowledge acquired in this way.
It explains learning in terms of observable behaviours and how they are influenced by stimuli from the environment.
Module 9 Classical Conditioning. THREE KINDS OF LEARNING Learning –A relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior that results from previous experience.
Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Learning Chapter 5.
Behavioral Learning Theory : Pavlov, Thorndike & Skinner M. Borland E.P. 500 Dr. Mayton Summer 2007.
Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition ISBN © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Behavioral Views of Learning Chapter 6.
Conditioning By Andrew Hawes. Classical Conditioning Defined as a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with a new stimuli. Pavlov’s.
Principles of Learning
Learning is achieved through experience.  Learning is a relatively permanently change in behavior as a result of experience Principles; 1. Learning is.
CHAPTER 5: Behavioral and Social Theories of Learning © (2015, 2012, 2009) by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Educational Psychology: Theory.
Chapter 6 Learning. Chapter Overview Will be some of the first Psychology information you learn in college Will be some of the first Psychology information.
Learning Principles & Applications 7-9% of AP Exam.
Chapter 5 Learning. What is Learning?  A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience  Learning is adaptive  Three major types.
Section 1: Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning- a person’s or animal’s old response becomes attached to a new stimulus An example of learning.
CONDITIONING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING BSN-II, RLE-II.
>>0 >>1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> CONDITIONING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING Renée Camille L. Laguda, BSN III.
Chapter 6 LEARNING. Learning Learning – A process through which experience produces lasting change in behavior or mental processes. Behavioral Learning.
Learning. Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning.
Kasey Tate & Sam Cocks EDUC2322, Flinders University
The Behaviorist Perspective
Work Based Learning Project
PSYCHOLOGY: LEARNING Learning- the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
Chapter 5 Learning © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution.
Behavioral Views of Learning
Case Study: The Little Albert Experiment
Chapter 6.
Behaviorism.
Ch. 7: Principles of Learning
Classical Conditioning
Chapter 7: Learning.
Agenda To Get: To Do: Guided notes Intro Unit 7: Learning
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Presentation transcript:

Behaviourism

What??!! No objectives?!

Learning “Process by which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behaviour.” (Woolfolk, et al 2008: 245) “… behaviourists define learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience. This change in behaviour is always observable …” (Jordan, et al 2008:21) “Behaviourism is a theory of learning focusing on observable behaviours and discounting any mental activity. Learning is defined simply as the acquisition of new behaviour.” (Pritchard, 2009:6)

Close your eyes and try to create vivid image of the following: The smell of fresh coffee An embarrassing moment at school The taste of chocolate The sight of a needle just before a blood test What did you notice as you formed these images? What were you feeling as you thought about them?

Ivan Pavlov

Early explanations of learning: Contiguity and classical conditioning (From Woolfolk, et al 2008:246) Contiguity – association of two events because of repeated pairing Stimulus – event that activates behaviour Response – observable reaction to a stimulus

Classical conditioning – other key terms Classical conditioning Association of automatic responses with new stimuli Neutral stimulus Stimulus not connected to a response Unconditioned stimulus Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response Unconditioned response Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response Conditioned stimulus Stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning. Conditioned response Learned response to previously neutral stimulus. Woolfolk, et al (2008:247)

Food Bell Salivation Unconditioned response Conditioned response

See my latest major motion picture!

Pavlov in practice (?) Pavlov has shown how he can condition a dog to ‘drool’ to the sound of a bell – but how can this inform your practice? In small groups, identify an example of this in a learning situation – how, as teachers can we use the basic Stimulus- Response Theory? Think of some examples also in everyday situations

Pavlov Classical conditioning B.F. Skinner ( ) Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning is “the automatic conditioning of involuntary responses such as salivation and fear. Clearly, not all human learning is so automatic and unintentional. Most behaviours are not involuntary responses. People act or ‘operate’ on their environment to produce different kinds of consequences.” Woolfolk, et al (2008:249)

B.F. Skinner ( ) Overview Used rats and pigeons for his experiments Skinner Box showed that animals could be trained to carry out increasingly complex tasks Introduced positive and negative reinforcement Positive rewards more effective in encouraging desired behaviour

The Skinner Box

A B C Consequences AntecedentBehaviour

Reinforcement Reinforcement – use of consequences to strengthen behaviour Consequence Effect Behaviour Reinforcer Strengthened or repeated behaviour

Punishment Punishment – process that weakens or suppresses behaviour Consequence Effect Behaviour Punishment Weakened or decreased behaviour

Image: Woolfolk, et al (2008:252)

See this website Note particularly unpleasant shirt

After you execute a turn during a skiing lesson, your instructor shouts out, "Great job!" At work, you exceed this month's sales quota so your boss gives you a bonus. For your teaching observation you are awarded a grade 1 The ski instructor offering praise, the employer giving a bonus, and the observer awarding a grade 1 are all examples of positive reinforcers. In each of these situations, the reinforcement is an additional stimulus occurring after the behaviour that increases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur again in the future. Examples of positive reinforcement

Before going out in the sun, you apply sunscreen to avoid getting sunburned. You clean up your mess in the kitchen to avoid getting in a fight with your roommate. You leave the house early to avoid getting stuck in traffic and being late for class. Sunburn, a fight with your roommate and being late for work are all negative outcomes that were avoided by performing a specific behaviour. By eliminating these undesirable outcomes the preventative behaviours become more likely to occur again in the future. Examples of negative reinforcement

Activity In pairs think of at least 3 examples of operant conditioning in your own teaching Are these examples of positive or negative reinforcement? Consider their success in the classroom 20 mins

Classical conditioning An association is formed between a stimulus and an involuntary response Operant conditioning An association is formed between a stimulus and a voluntary response To summarise …

Later developments in behaviourism Wolfgang Kohler (1925) – apes presented with out-of-reach food appeared to solve problems by sudden insight rather than trial and error. Tolman (1946) – rats could learn, remember and use facts about a maze. Create ‘cognitive map’ to store and access information. Behaviourism dominated psychology until 1960’s. cognitive approaches renew interest in mental processes.

Ralph Tyler (1949) Click on Ralph for further info

Educational implications of behaviourism Bloom’s taxonomy Curriculum planning Models of instruction Learning outcomes Assessment See Jordan, et al (2008) pp 29-33

Critique of behaviourism? Too simplistic Reducing humans behaviour to stimulus – response Learning without understanding Human learning involves thinking, reasoning and social factors Scales, 2012: 60

Behaviourism. Not really concerned with mental processes Cognitivism. Storing, processing, remembering. ‘Cognitive map’ Constructivism. Connecting new knowledge to existing. Making meaning.

References Jordan, A., Carlile, O and Stack, A. (2008) Approaches to Learning Maidenhead: Open University Press Pritchard, A. (2009) Ways of Learning (2 nd Ed.)London: Routledge Scales, P. (2013) Teaching in the Lifelong Learning(2 nd Ed.) Maidenhead: Open University Press Woolfolk, A., Hughes, M. and Walkup, V. (2008) Psychology in Education Harlow: Pearson Education LImited