After the Apostles A Brief History of Missions. Pop Quiz True or False: Christian nations have historically been the most active senders of missionaries.

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After the Apostles A Brief History of Missions

Pop Quiz True or False: Christian nations have historically been the most active senders of missionaries.

The Ten (Simplified) Epochs of Redemptive History 2000 B.C B.C. Exodus: 1445 B.C B.C.1000 B.C.600 B.C. Babylonian Exile: 586 B.C. A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Patriarchs Egyptian Captivity JudgesKings Exile/ Post-exile Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Death/Resurrection of Jesus: A.D. 33

Four Mechanisms of Mission Voluntary Going Involuntary Going Voluntary Coming Involuntary Coming

Voluntary Going Paul and Barnabas on their missionary journeys The Moravians to America William Carey, Hudson Taylor, etc.

Involuntary Going Jonah to Nineveh Naaman’s servant-girl (2 Kings 5) Persecuted Christians in Acts 8 Christian captives of the Vikings WWII Christian soldiers sent around the world

Voluntary Coming Naaman coming to Elisha Ruth coming to Judah with Naomi Cornelius sending for Peter Vikings, Goths learn about Christianity while invading International students, businesspeople

Involuntary Coming Gentiles settled into Israel during the Exile Gentiles settled in “Galilee of the Gentiles” Slaves brought to America from Africa Refugees in America

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Death/Resurrection of Jesus: A.D. 33

“In spite of her bloody imperialism at the time of Christ’s visitation, Rome was truly an instrument in God’s hands to prepare the world for His coming.” - Ralph Winter Roman Roads - Travel - Communication Pax Romana Greek-speaking

“[Paul’s] efforts in Galatia may give us one clue to the surprisingly early penetration of the gospel into the main Celtic areas of Europe...” - Ralph Winter Galatia: Settled by Celts from Western Europe

Winter notes: “Yet we must face the fact that the early Christians of the Roman Empire... were only rarely willing and able to take conscious practical steps to fulfill the Great Commission.” Primary missions mechanism: Involuntary-go

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Constantine converts to Christianity: A.D. 312

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Christianity becomes the official state religion of the Roman Empire: A.D. 375

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Christianity becomes the official state religion of the Roman Empire: A.D. 375 Winter: “Ironically, however, once Christianity became identified with the Roman cultural tradition and political power, it tended automatically to alienate all who were anti-Roman. This created suspicion and soon widespread slaughter of Christians outside the boundaries of the Roman Empire in Arabia and Persia.”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Rome sacked by the Visigoths: A.D. 410 Piper: “[The] nominalism and ease of official Christianity did little to stem the tide of inner corruption in Rome and the Empire gave way to decay and invasion from Visigoths, the Ostrogoths, the Vandals, etc.”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Celtic peregrini (wandering evangelists) and Benedictine monks engaged in missionary activity By the time of the Vikings, over 1,000 mission compounds established throughout Europe “Voluntary go”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Charlemagne crowned emperor in Rome: A.D. 800

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Charlemagne crowned emperor in Rome: A.D. 800 Piper: “Toward the end of the period, Charlemagne arose as a kind of second Constantine. He espoused Christian ideals, but did not reach out in earnest missionary efforts to the frontiers of the north—the Scandinavians, the Vikings.”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Unlike barbarians, complete pagans Ruthless, brutal

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Unlike barbarians, complete pagans Ruthless, brutal Piper: “The churches and monasteries had become opulent [by this time], and this is why the Vikings were so attracted to them. So there was a refinement that came to the churches as the devastation spread.”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Christian girls taken as wives and mistresses Monks taken as slaves God used these people to bring the Gospel to Scandinavia “Involuntary-go”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1096–1291A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Piper: “The friars were a new evangelistic force, but the tragedy was the repeated efforts to take the Holy Land by force—the Crusades. This was a carry-over of the Viking spirit into the church...”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Winter: “Far worse, the Crusades established a permanent image of brutal, militant Christianity that alienates a large proportion of mankind, tearing down the value of the very word Christian in missions to this day.”

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions What can we learn from these time periods?

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions A.D. 1346–53, the Black Death decimates Europe, creates upheaval

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions Luther’s 95 Theses published, A.D. 1517

A.D. 0 Romans John Calvin: “Today, when God wishes his gospel to be preached in the whole world, so that the world may be restored from death to life, he seems to ask for the impossible. We see how greatly we are resisted everywhere and with how many and what potent machinations Satan works against us, so that all roads are blocked by the princes themselves.” Why didn’t the Reformers send more missionaries?

A.D. 0 A.D. 400A.D. 800A.D. 1200A.D Romans BarbariansVikingsCrusades Modern Missions The Three Eras of Modern Missions: 1. The Coastlands (1800–1910) 2. Inland Mission (1865–1980) 3. Unreached Peoples (1935–present)

The Coastlands William Carey Former cobbler Wrote “An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens” Established the Baptist Missionary Society in 1792 Sailed to India 1793 “The Father of Modern Missions”

The Coastlands William Carey’s Impact: Inspired missionary societies to form in England, Scotland, and Holland Influenced five American college students to form the “Haystack Prayer Meeting,” which eventually led to the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions

The Coastlands Winter: “The British Methodists after 1800 sent 35 missionaries to West Africa over a period of the next 35 years. Tropical diseases meant not a single one lived more than 24 months after arrival. Yet, there were still new volunteers. No wonder they decided to ship their belongings to the field in caskets.”

The Coastlands Work limited to coastlands of Africa and Asia, and islands in the Pacific Q: Why start new missions in the interior if you haven’t finished the job on the coast?

The Inland Missions Hudson Taylor: Left medical studies to become a missionary to China Founded the China Inland Mission in 1865 Spent as much time mobilizing workers at home as in China

The Inland Missions Sudan Interior Mission African Inland Mission Heart of Africa Mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union and others... By the 1880s... Unevangelized Fields Mission

The Inland Missions The Student Volunteer Movement Mobilized 100,000 students to commit their lives to missions Of these, 20,000 went overseas

Unreached Peoples Cameron Townsend Worked with the Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala, and was asked, “If your God is so smart, why doesn't he speak my language?” Founded Wycliffe Bible Translators “The greatest missionary is the Bible in the mother tongue. It needs no furlough and is never considered a foreigner.”

Unreached Peoples Donald McGavran While working as a missionary in India, formulated the concept of “people groups” “People groups” are distinct social, cultural segments of society

Unreached Peoples Unreached People Groups Joshua Project: “An unreached or least-reached people is a people group among which there is no indigenous community of believing Christians with adequate numbers and resources to evangelize this people group.”

Application What is the value of studying the history of missions? How can it equip us to be better goers/senders?

Portraits of Modern Missions Adoniram Judson Courtney Anderson, To the Golden Shore: The Life of Adoniram Judson John Piper, Adoniram Judson: How Few There Are Who Die So Hard!

Portraits of Modern Missions David Brainerd: Jonathan Edwards, The Life and Diary of David Brainerd John Piper, David Brainerd: May I Never Loiter On My Heavenly Journey! David Brainerd

Portraits of Modern Missions John G. Paton Autobiography, John G. Paton: Missionary to the New Hebrides John Piper, John G. Paton: You Will Be Eaten by Cannibals!