Skeletal & Muscular Systems Grade 12 Alyson Slomko

Skeletal System  Provides the basic framework for the body  Plays a crucial role in movement  Protects internal organs and tissues from trauma

 206 Bones  Bones store calcium and phosphorus  Bone Marrow produces new red and white blood cells and platelets  Consists of Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton Structure of the Skeletal System More Basic Information About Skeletal System

 Axial Skeleton:  Consists of 80 bones  Includes the skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae and sternum  Appendicular Skeleton:  Composed of the remaining 126 bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulders and hips Axial & Appendicular Skeletons

Types of Bones Long Bones Short Bones Irregular Bones Flat Bones Ossification Cartilage

Long Bones  Bones of legs and arms  Diaphysis: main column of the long bone that contains yellow bone marrow (fats)  Epiphysis: end of the long bone that forms joints and contains red marrow (blood cells)

Short, Flat & Irregular Bones  Short Bones: bones that are almost equal in length and width  Wrists and ankles  Flat Bones: thinner and flatter bones  Ribs, skull, shoulder blade  Irregular Bones: irregularly shaped  Facial bones and vertebrae

Cartilage & Ossification  Cartilage: strong, flexible connective tissue  Found at the end of the long bones, nose and outer ear  Acts as cushion, reduces friction and allows smooth motion  Ossification: process by which bone in formed, renewed and repaired

Joints Ball-and-Socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Joints Tendon Ligament

 Formed when rebound head fits into rounder cavity of joining bone  Provides the widest range of motion in all directions Ball-and-Socket Joint Examples: hip and shoulder

 Hinge: allows for bending and straightening and promotes rotation  Elbow, knee, ankle and fingers  Pivot: limited rotation  Neck and head Hinge & Pivot

 An oval shaped part that fits into a curved space  Allow bones to slide over one another Gliding Joints Example: wrist

Ligaments & Tendons  Ligament: bands of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone and stabilize movement at joint  Tendons: fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone

 Connected to Bone by tendons  Performs work in the body  Voluntary: allows you to make movement when you want or need to  Involuntary: process that happens without conscious control Muscular System

Types of Muscle Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle

 Acts on the lining of passageways and internal organs  Involuntary  Examples: blood vessels, digestive tract, lungs, bladder Smooth Muscle

 Attached to the bone and causes body movements  Voluntary  Flexor: muscle that closes a joint  Extensor: muscle that opens a joint Skeletal Muscle

 Type of striated muscle that forms the walls of the heart  Involuntary  The heart contracts about 100,000 times a day Cardiac Muscle

Major Muscle Groups (Skeletal) Arms Abdomen Shoulders Back ChestLegs

 Atrophy: decrease in size and strength  Overuse: strain (tendon), sprain (ligament), tear, soreness, cramps  Tendonitis: inflammation of a tendon  Hernia: when organ tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle  Muscular Dystrophy: inherited disorder in-which skeletal muscle are progressively destroyed Problems Associated with the Muscular System

Needs of the Muscular System  Weight bearing activity  Flexibility  Proper warm-up  Protein  RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)