Agenda Bell ringer Review Islam Byzantine Empire Closure

Review What is the significance of the Shari’a? How did urbanization and conversion prompt accomplishments? What was the role of women in Islamic society? Slaves? How did the migrations of Iranian scholars center Islam on the madrasa and how did they contribute to the rise of Sufism?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE( )

Objectives Evaluate the origins and effects of the schism in Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. Identify cultural achievements of Byzantium. Identify the contributions of Byzantine missionaries to Russia.

Essential Questions What were the origins and effects of the schism in 1054? Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. What were the cultural achievements of Byzantium? What did Byzantine missionaries contribute to Russia?

Target: The Byzantine Empire ( ) Christianity. Continuation of Roman imperial rule and tradition. One ruler with absolute authority prevented fall. Arab invasions reduced population, wealthy provinces, and power. Turks threatened north and south.

Schism in 1054 – Mid-ninth century – patriarchs of Constantinople challenged Roman papal jurisdiction and some Latin church practices. – Formal break between the Latin and Orthodox churches.

Society and urban life – Initial imperial authority and urban prosperity. – 6 th century – “plague of Justinian” – 7 th century – epidemics, loss of land to Muslims – Family-based military aristocracy by end of eleventh century.

– Economics Emperors set prices, organized grain shipments, and monopolized trade in luxury goods. – May have slowed technological development and economic innovation. Focus on Constantinople drained wealth from other cities. No advanced farming technology. Fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

Cultural achievements – Hagia Sophia (“Sacred Wisdom”) cathedral – Preserved Greco-Roman civilization – Justinian’s Code – Missionaries influenced Russia with Cyrillic alphabet, domed architecture, and Orthodox Christianity

Essential Questions What were the origins and effects of the schism in 1054? Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. What were the cultural achievements of Byzantium? What did Byzantine missionaries contribute to Russia?

Agenda Bell ringer Review Byzantine Empire Early Medieval Europe Closure

Review What were the origins and effects of the schism in 1054? Describe the evolution of the Byzantine Empire from rise (or survival?) to fall. What were the cultural achievements of Byzantium? What did Byzantine missionaries contribute to Russia?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE( )

Objectives Describe the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome. Identify the importance of the Carolingians. Describe manorialism. Describe feudalism.

Essential Questions What was the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome? What was the importance of the Carolingians? What is manorialism? What is feudalism?

Target: Early Medieval Europe ( ) Rise of kings, nobles, and chieftains changed legal and political landscape of western Europe. People sought protection of local lords.

Carolingian family – Military effectiveness – Charlemagne encouraged Latin learning, set up schools, helped spread Christianity. – Treaty of Verdun (843) divided into French- speaking, Burgundy, and German-speaking regions.

Vikings new threat to western Europe in 793. – Captains organized settlement of Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. – William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 – ended Anglo-Saxon domination of the island.

Map 10-2, p. 260

Self-sufficient economy – Most cities lost population, some became villages. – Reliance on local resources. – Growth of Germanic cultural traditions because of decline of literacy.

Manorialism – Manors - self-sufficient farming estates – Many farmers gave land to large landowners in return for political and physical protection. – Poor communication + no organized government = landowners depended on own resources. – Serfs – agricultural workers belonged to the manor.

Early medieval society in the West – Men swore allegiance to war chiefs. Increased use of mounted warriors. – Feudalism Kings and lords gave land to vassals in return for military support from the knights. Oversimplification.

– Most Germans fought on foot. – Knights Stirrups. – Since land was basis of wealth, needed financial support from land revenues. Kings began to reward armed service with land grants (fiefs) – Lords provided governance and justice. – Church limited power of the monarch.

Noblewomen – Marriage alliances affected entire kingdoms. – Little say in marriage matters. – Could own land, sometimes administered estates when husbands were at war. – Non-noble women worked in the fields.

Essential Questions What was the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome? What was the importance of the Carolingians? What is manorialism? What is feudalism?

Agenda Bell ringer Review Islam (through umma) Islam (to

Review What was the role of Germanic kingdoms in western Europe after the fall of Rome? What was the importance of the Carolingians? What is manorialism? What is feudalism?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE( )

Objectives Describe the causes of the investiture controversy and explain how this illustrates the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages. Evaluate the role of monasteries.

Essential Questions What were the causes of the investiture controversy? How does this illustrate the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages? What was the role of monasteries?

Target: The Western Church Pope – head of the church in western Europe. Missionaries spread Christianity to British Isles and German lands. Roman nobles lost control of the papacy.

– Obstacles to unifying church standards and practices – disagreements over regulations, lack of educated clergy, difficult communication, political disorder. – Lingering polytheism, lax enforcement of prohibition of marriage of clergy, nepotism, and simony.

Unifying forces – asserting legal jurisdiction over clergy, combating polytheism, calling on secular rulers to recognize pope’s authority.

Politics and the church – Pope and kings both saw themselves as ultimate authorities. – 962 – pope crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor Secular authority as guardian of Christian interests. Little influence.

– Canon law gave pope legal jurisdiction over all clergy and church property. – Investiture controversy – question over who held ultimate authority over bishops. Concordat of Worms (1122) reduced tensions

Monasticism – Monks and nuns lived in organized communities – Devotion, work, celibacy, poverty, obedience to the abbot. – Preserved literacy and learning. – Missionaries. – Housed travelers. – Convents provided refuge for widows.

Essential Questions What were the causes of the investiture controversy? How does this illustrate the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages? What was the role of monasteries?

Agenda Bell ringer

Review What were the causes of the investiture controversy? How does this illustrate the relationship between the Church and monarchs during the Middle Ages? What was the role of monasteries?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE( )

Objectives Evaluate why power in Kievan Russia differed from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages. Describe the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia. Evaluate the role of Vladimir I in making Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia. Identify Byzantine culture present in Kievan Russia.

Essential Questions Why did power in Kievan Russia differ from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages? What was the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia? How did Vladimir I make Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia? What elements of Byzantine culture were present in Kievan Russia?

Map 10-3, p. 272

Target: Kievan Russia ( ) The Rise of the Kievan Empire – Geography Frozen tundra, cold forest zone, more temperate forest, mix of forest and steppe grasslands, grassland. Several navigable rivers run north to south.

– Linguistic and territorial changes. Most Germanic peoples migrated into eastern Europe from Ukraine and Russia in Roman times. – Those who remained behind spoke eastern Slavic languages. Forest dwellers, farmers, and steppe nomads helped each other economically.

– Arrival of Varangians (Swedish Vikings). Rus came to refer to the Slavic-speaking peoples ruled by the Varangians. Kiev controlled trade on Dnieper River, had contacts with Byzantium.

– Vladimir I grand prince of Kievan Russia. Converted to Orthodox Christianity, invited clerics and missionaries. Brought Cyrillic alphabet

p. 273

Society and culture – Power from trade, not landholding. – Many cities little more than fortified trading posts, but were centers for development of crafts. – Christianity spread, but there was some polytheist rebellion. Church became increasingly involved in politics and economics.

Essential Questions Why did power in Kievan Russia differ from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages? What was the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia? How did Vladimir I make Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia? What elements of Byzantine culture were present in Kievan Russia?

Agenda Bell ringer Review Islam (through umma) Islam (to

Review Why did power in Kievan Russia differ from power in western Europe during the Middle Ages? What was the role of the Varangians in Kievan Russia? How did Vladimir I make Orthodox Christianity the official religion of Kievan Russia? What elements of Byzantine culture were present in Kievan Russia?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE( )

Objectives Describe the evolution of western Europe after Describe how new technologies contributed to economic revival. Evaluate the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders.

Essential Questions How did western Europe evolve after 1000? How did new technologies contribute to economic revival? What was the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders?

Target: Western Europe Revives( ) Slowly emerged from subsistence economy. Population and agricultural production increased. Money-based economy returned. Role of technology – Population increase. – New plow, efficient draft harnesses. – Horses.

Cities and the rebirth of trade – Independent cities appeared first in Italy and Flanders. Lacking extensive farmland, turned to manufacturing and trade. – Serfs free when they lived in the city for a year and a day. – Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres in Flanders. Fishing and wool trades. – Coinage returned.

Map 10-4, p. 277

Essential Questions How did western Europe evolve after 1000? How did new technologies contribute to economic revival? What was the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders?

Agenda Bell ringer Review Islam (through umma) Islam (to

Review How did western Europe evolve after 1000? How did new technologies contribute to economic revival? What was the significance of northern Italian cities as well as Flanders?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE( )

Objectives Describe the causes of the Crusades. Evaluate the impact of the Crusades on western Europe.

Essential Questions What were the causes of the Crusades? What were the impacts of the Crusades on western Europe?

Target: The Crusades ( ) Roots of the Crusades – Ambitious – land – Nobles – land and titles. – Italian merchants – increase trade and acquire trading posts in Muslim territory – Holy Land had been under Muslim rule for 400 years. Pilgrimages, generally protected by Muslims, but conditions deteriorated.

Council of Clermont (1095) – pope called on Christians to reclaim the Holy Land

p. 278

Impact – Exposure to Muslim culture. Eventually, Europeans learned to make pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, etc. Many works brought back, eventually translated into Latin and studied. – Transformed the intellectual world of the western Europeans.

Essential Questions What were the causes of the Crusades? What were the impacts of the Crusades on western Europe?