1 Drug use and non-use: statistics  The following slides give information on general drug use statistics and implications use and non-use across specific substances  tobacco, alcohol, illicit substances Results of the National Drug Strategy Household survey 2010 (Slides courtesy, Paul Dillon, DARTA) Results of the 2011 Aust Secondary Students’ Alcohol and Drug Survey (ASSADS) for SA students  Save the slide presentation onto your computer, then select slides as appropriate to context, being mindful of recognising source/s where possible. (Note: graphics have been removed when not essential to the information. Slides will need formatting.)

Costs, drug use  A snapshot  Note: where statistics are old (e.g. slides 3, 4), it is because: there is no equivalent more recent data and the data shown remains relevant 2

Drug-related deaths, all ages 3 This graph illustrates the percentage of deaths in Australia caused by drugs types, with tobacco making up almost 90% of drug related deaths, alcohol making up 6% and illicit drugs making up about 5%. Collins D, & Lapsley H. The costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004–05.

4 Estimated drug-related deaths, Australia 1998 Persons aged 0-34 years Tobacco 5.2% Alcohol 52.8% Illicits 42.1% JCG:DASC Statistics on Drug Use in Australia 2000 AIHW yrs: yrs: 1542

5 Counting the cost of drug use in Australia  It is estimated that the costs of drug use in Australia was $56.1 billion dollars, of which:  tobacco accounted for 56%  alcohol 27%  Illicit drugs 15%  $10.8 billion: the tangible cost of alcohol consumption (lost productivity, health care costs, costs related to road accidents and crime (2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey)  In , The Aust. Govt collected over $6.7 billion from the importation and sale of tobacco products. (Statistics on Drug Use in Australia 2006, Aust Institute of Health and Welfare.)

6 % Illicit drug use: 2010 NDHS: Changes in 'recent use' (%) over time 2010 National Drug Household Survey

7 % Tobacco, alcohol and cannabis Average age of initiation of lifetime, people aged years, National Drug Household Survey

8 % Ecstasy, meth/amphetamine, cocaine and hallucinogens Average age of initiation of lifetime drug use (), people aged years, National Drug Household Survey

9 % Form of drug use thought to be of most serious concern for the general community, people aged 12 years or older, by age and sex, National Drug Household Survey

10 % Drugs thought to be either directly or indirectly cause the most deaths in Australia, people aged 14 years or older, by age, National Drug Household Survey

Tobacco smoking  The leading cause of preventable illness and death in Australia- 8% of the total burden of disease in 2003 and estimated at $31.5 billion in 2004–05.  In 2010, one in seven (15%) Australians aged 14 years or over were daily smokers, and one in four (24%) were ex-smokers. 11

Tobacco smoking, 2010  More than half the population (59%) had never smoked.  Daily smoking rates have fallen by more than a third over the past two decades, from 24% in This is largely due to lower rates of smoking among adults aged 24–44 years

Alcohol, 2010  78% of Australians 12 years or over had consumed alcohol over the previous year, including 46% who drank at least weekly.  There was a significant decline in daily drinking between 2007 and 2010 (from 8.1% to 7.2% of the population aged 12 years or over).  Most people drank at levels that did not put them at risk of harm. 13

Alcohol, 2010  28% of males and 11% of females drank alcohol at levels that put them at risk of alcohol-related harm over their lifetime.  23% of males and 9% of females consumed alcohol in quantities that put them at risk of alcohol-related injury from a single drinking occasion at least weekly.  An estimated 13.1% of people aged 14 years or older had driven a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol in

15 Alcohol-related deaths in Australia, 2008 (out of 143, 946 total deaths for all reasons)  52 accidental poisonings from alcohol  297 deaths from mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol (3x males than females)  751 deaths from alcoholic liver disease  Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) Causes of death, Australia 2008, Canberra: ABS

16 Counting the cost of alcohol use in Australia  The number of people hospitalised for alcohol-related injuries and diseases increased nationally by 34% between  Victoria jumped 77%, with the cost of alcohol related harm in being $4.3 billion (National Drug Research Institute, 2009)  Child Protection statistics show 34,000 children are in care nationally. Half of these children have at least one parent with an alcohol problem and 13% of Australian children live in a household with at least one adult is regularly drunk.  (Prof Dorothy Scott, Uni SA, media release 21 Jan, 2010.)

17 Young people and alcohol:  1 in 4 hospitalisations of year olds happen because of alcohol.  1 in 2 Australians aged 15–17 who get drunk will do something they regret.  70 Australians under 25 will be hospitalised due to alcohol-caused assault in an average week.  4 Australians under 25 die due to alcohol related injuries in an average week. Sources:  Chikritzhs, T. and Pascal, R. (2004). Trends in Youth Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms in Australian Jurisdictions, 1990–2002. Bulletin No. 6. National Drug Research Institute.  Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing (2008). National Youth Alcohol Campaign evaluation research Unpublished raw data.  Source: National Drug Research Institute (2008) Hospitalisation and morbidity data for Australians aged 0 to 24. Unpublished raw data.

18 Alcohol and drowning In a horror summer in Australian waters in , 62 people drowned between Christmas Eve, according to Royal Life Saving Society figures.  "Alcohol is still playing a part. There are drownings in backyard pools and males overestimating their ability in the water is another factor." (RLSS research and health promotion manager, Richard Franklin)

19 The health of Australia's prisoners 2010 Reporting on over prisoners over 18 years:  more than 4 in 5 prison entrants was a current smoker; over half report drinking alcohol at risk levels and 2 in 3 had used illicit drugs during the previous 12 months;  1 in 4 prison entrants had a chronic condition such as asthma, cardiovascular disease or diabetes  almost 1 in 3 prison entrants had ever been told they have a mental health disorder and 1 in 5 prisoners in custody was taking medication for a mental health condition  and more than 1 in 3 prison entrants had not completed Year 10 at school Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010

20 Crime and law enforcement- Australia  In 2005, 1 in 10 prisoners was imprisoned for drug related offences. 71% of these offences related to cannabis use  In , 88% of juvenile detainees had used an illicit substance in the 6 months prior to arrest and 70% were intoxicated at the time of the offence.  Juvenile detainees were 10X more likely than the general youth population to use amphetamine and hallucinogens and 16X more likely to use inhalants. (Statistics on Drug Use in Australia 2006, Aust Institute of Health and Welfare, 2006.)

21 Police (Youth) Drug Diversion Initiative SA  From 2001, police have diverted youth to health assessment and counselling for possession of illicit drugs and paraphernalia  From 2001 to August 2012, there have been 8,497 youth diversions  95.2% of the total diversions have been related to cannabis (Drug Diversion statistics)  Schools have played their part in working in partnership with SAPOL, guided by : DECD policy as set out in Intervention matters policy document (revised 2011) Making our sites safer: Drugs

Illicit drug use in Australia, 2010  60% of people over 14 years had never used an illicit drug.  15% had used one or more illicit drugs in the past 12 months.  Cannabis was the most common illicit drug used recently (10.3%) followed by ecstasy (3.0%) and amphetamines and cocaine (each used by 2.1% of people).  Many people who used an illicit drug in 2010 also used other drugs, illicit or licit. 22

Illicit drug use in Australia, 2010  Around 8% of people in Australia aged 16–85 years have had a drug use disorder in their lifetime.  The social cost of illicit drug use in Australia was estimated at $8.2 billion in 2004–05 (crime, lost productivity and healthcare).  Much of this was caused by hepatitis C, which can be contracted by risky injecting practices. 23

24 Lifetime illicit drug use (%) - 14 years and over 2010 National Drug Household Survey %

25 Never used illicit drugs (%) - 14 years and over 2010 National Drug Household Survey %

26 Recent illicit drugs (%) - 14 years and over 2010 National Drug Household Survey %

27 Lifetime illicit drug use (%) - 14 years and over Comparison National Drug Household Survey %

28  Australian Secondary Students’ Alcohol and Drug Survey (ASSADS) 2011

29 Drug use among SA secondary school students:  Information from the SA component of the 2011 Australian Secondary Students’ Alcohol and Drug Survey (ASSADS) National survey Conducted every three years across Australia Approx 3,000 SA students, years 7-12 Alcohol, tobacco and other substances use Cancer Council SA in collaboration with Drug and Alcohol Services SA (DASSA) For a summary: see ASSADNov12_we_1.pdf ASSADNov12_we_1.pdf

ASSADS Drug & Alcohol Use: Substance % Ever used % Used Recently (past week) Analgesics * Alcohol * * Tobacco * Cannabis Inhalants * Sedatives Hallucinogens Amphetamines * Cocaine * * Ecstasy * Heroin * * Steroids * * *change is significant

From tobacco  A 32.4% decrease in students reporting having ever use tobacco; from 52.2% to 19.8% cannabis use  Reported student cannabis use in the past week has decreased to less than 1/3 of 1999 level (from 11.3% to 3.1%) illicit drug  There have been significant reduction in illicit drug use (apart from sedative and inhalant use) 33

And alcohol ? alcohol in the past week before the survey has more than halved  The percentage of students who have consumed alcohol in the past week before the survey has more than halved (from 34.4% to 15.0%=19.4% reduction ) who have never tried alcohol  The percentage of students who have never tried alcohol has increased by 13.9% 34

From 2008 to 2011:  Statistically significant decreases in the percentage of students who: have ever used tobacco have ever tried alcohol, or consumed it in the previous week  Decreases (from small percentages) in recent use of steroids, inhalants, amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine and heroin  Stable use of cannabis, hallucinogens and sedatives 35

Alcohol: Alcohol: most change to  year olds- ever used alcohol  14, 16 and 17- recent use of alcohol 36

Decrease in alcohol use

Decrease in cannabis use

Illicit substances overall (includes cannabis)  17.3 of students have ever used an illicit substance 18.5% males 16.1% females  4.5 % of students have used an illicit substance in the last week 5.6% males 3.3% females 39

Illicit drug use ever used 40 Slide courtesy of DASSA

Illicit drug use used in past week 41 Slide courtesy of DASSA

NEVER used drugs: ASSADS (SA) 2011

Recent NON-use of drugs: ASSADS (SA) 2011

messages Implications: messages  Most young people do not use drugs!  Less young people use drugs now than in the ‘past.’ It’s absolutely OK not to drink! It’s absolutely OK not to drink!  How we think of/define ‘young people’. (Drug use in the age group is higher that for students.)  Will the current decrease in student alcohol use influence drinking rates in the future (when they are in their early 20’s)? 44

Additional statistics follow for tobacco alcohol cannabis ecstasy pain-killers/analgesics for non-medical purposes amphetamine 45

Smoking tobacco  Largest single cause of preventable death and disease in Australia  Responsible for almost 90% drug related deaths per year  50% of smokers who smoke for a long time will die prematurely from tobacco related diseases 46 Smarter than Smoking professional learning module

47 Smarter than Smoking professional learning module

48 The costs of smoking tobacco  Of 1.3 billion smokers alive today, it is estimated that 650million will eventually be killed by tobacco  5.4million deaths per year globally  Expected to rise to 8million by 2030 (80% in developing countries)  World Health Organisation (WHO) has the theme- "smoke-free environments“ because of the serious harmful effects of second-hand smoke, which include about 600,000 premature deaths per year, numerous crippling illnesses and economic losses in the tens of billions of dollars. Data from QuitSA newsletter, Oct 2008 and WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009: Implementing smoke-free environments

49 South Australians are aware!  95.8% of all South Australians and 92.7% of SA smokers believe smoking causes illness or damage to the body  86.5% (77.8% of smokers) agree that passive smoking causes illness or damage  86.4% support banning of smoking in hotels Data from QuitSA newsletter, Oct 2008

50 Smoking in SA: age groups Graph courtesy of Tobacco Control Research + Evaluation- a statistical update, DASSA seminar Nov 2010 NOTE: reduction in youth smoking rates

51 Smoking in Australia, 2007 Slide courtesy of Tobacco Control Research + Evaluation- a statistical update, DASSA seminar Nov 2010 Figure 1: Smoking prevalence, by State/Territory * *Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Drug Strategy Household Survey: State and territory supplement. Drug statistics series no. 21. Cat. no. PHE 102. Canberra: AIHW. NOTE: Smoking prevalence in 1945 was72% males & 26% females

52 Tobacco trend for young Australians? Source: Critics’ Choice, 2011

12-17 year olds Smoked in the past year (2008) 53 Source: John, David.‘Smoking among South Australian secondary students - results from the 2008 ASSAD survey’. Tobacco Control Research and Evaluation Program, Adelaide, September 2009.

54 Committed smokers (3+ days in past 7 days), Australian secondary school students, 2008 ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA %

55 Prevalence of smoking among and year olds, Australia % Among students, smoking decreased through the 1980s and then started to rise again in the 1990s. Smoking prevalence began to decrease after 1996 amongst the year olds, and 1999 for the year olds and this decline continues to 2008 ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

56 From Critics’ Choice, 2011: see pg 30 of Teacher Resource for references

57 Alcohol drinking status: proportion of the population aged 14 years or over ( ) 2010 National Drug Household Survey Between 1991 and 2010, for Australians aged 14 years or older, alcohol consumption patterns remained largely unchanged – less than weekly and never drinking increasing %

58 Hospitalisations due to drug use and acute alcohol intoxication AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database Age group (years) Rate – per 100,000 population Slide courtesy Paul Dillon: Drug and Alcohol Research and Training Australia (DARTA)

59 Type of alcohol consumed 2010 National Drug Household Survey

60 In South Australia, alcohol is responsible for, or contributes to: 7,000 hospitalisations and 300 deaths in SA each year 30% of serious road accidents 34% of falls and drownings 44% of fire injuries 16% of child abuse cases 12% of suicides 10% of industrial accidents depression Source: DASSA Drink too much, you’re asking for trouble campaign, 2011 URL:

61 In South Australia, alcohol is responsible for, or contributes to:  In 2010, more than 70,000 Australians were victims of alcohol-related assault, among which 24,000 were victims of alcohol-related domestic violence.  In 2008/09, in the Adelaide central business district:  58% of victim-reported crime was alcohol related.  65% of serious assaults were alcohol related.  65% of minor assaults were alcohol related.  In 2009, 90 alcohol-related incidents of glassings occurred (smashed drink container used as a weapon).  70% of prisoners convicted of violent assaults have drunk alcohol before committing the offence. Source: DASSA Drink too much, you’re asking for trouble campaign, 2011

ABS ‘Report card’ on Australia’s alcohol consumption The flow-on effects to health services is marked. In the seven years from to , the overall number of hospital admissions with a principal diagnosis of mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol increased from 23,490 to 35,152. This data is from Alcohol Consumption in Australia: A Snapshot, Available online:

63 Alcohol consumption: Litres of pure alcohol per capita, population 15 years and over OECD Health Data 2004; ABS 2004 Slide courtesy Paul Dillon: Drug and Alcohol Research and Training Australia (DARTA)

64 Alcohol and the Teenage Brain: Safest to Keep them Apart  The adolescent brain is particularly sensitive to the negative effects of prolonged alcohol exposure  Additional is the large body of evidence of the harm due to injury from the disinhibitory effects of alcohol (dampening down of frontal lobe)… poor impulse control… 1. Alcohol should not be consumed by teenagers under 18 years 2. Alcohol use is best postponed for as long as possible in the late teenage years and early adult years. Executive summary-Prof Ian Hickie, Exec Director, The Brain and Mind Research Institute, Uni of Sydney- see DrinkwiseAustralia

65 Research around delaying uptake  Early access to alcohol has been associated with subsequent elevated levels of alcohol use, alcohol dependence, early binge drinking and social problems associated with problem drinking. DRUG INFO clearinghouse Prevention Research Quarterly: current evidence evaluated, June 2008 Barnes et al. 1997; Casswell et al. 2002; Costello et al. 1999; Grant & Dawson 1997; Hellandsjo Bu et al. 2002; Hingson et al. 2000; Jackson et al. 1999; Pederson & Skrondal 1998; Warner & White 2003

66 Australians students who have never consumed alcohol, Australian secondary school students, 2008 % ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

67 Percentage of Australian students who describe themselves as a ‘non-drinker’, 2008 % ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

68 Australian students: Percentage of ‘binge drinkers’ (males: 7+ drinks; females: 5+ drinks on one occasion), 2008 % ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

69 Drink types most commonly consumed by those who drank alcohol in the past week, 2008 % Not surprisingly, beer is more popular with young men than young women and the opposite is true for premixed spirits. However, the drink type consistently popular across all ages and genders is spirits ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

70 Drink types most commonly consumed by those who drank alcohol in the past week, 2008 % Not surprisingly, beer is more popular with young men than young women and the opposite is true for premixed spirits. However, the drink type consistently popular across all ages and genders is spirits ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

71 Prevalence of risky drinking among year old current drinkers, Australia, % The prevalence of risky drinking (defined as drinking more than 6 drinks for males and more than 4 for females) increased throughout the 1990s. The 2008 data suggests that there may be a ‘slowing down’ in the rate of increase but it is still much more prevalent than it was in the 1980s and early 90s ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

72 Prevalence of risky drinking among year old current drinkers, Australia, % As for the year olds, the prevalence of risky drinking has been increasing since 1984, although it would appear that the young men peaked in Young women’s rate of risky drinking increased sharply in the late 1990s and has leveled off in recent years ASSADS 2008: Slide courtesy Paul Dillon, DARTA

73 Reported age of first full serve of alcohol, by age cohort (2004 NDSHS) Slide courtesy Ann M Roche, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University

74 Research: parents want to know Quantum Market Research, Focus groups with parents of pre-teens (9- 14yrs). Parents said: Many are looking for assistance to communicate their concerns around their child’s initiation to alcohol at a young age. Most acknowledged their pre-teen are likely to drink, but concerned at risks: violence, vehicle accidents, injuries, sexual assault. Not sure how influential they are in shaping their children’s decisions Believe that a prohibitive approach is unlikely to work Welcomed information about a delayed introduction to alcohol, but this seemed at odds with current risk-taking behaviour Looking for advice on how better to communicate with their children, especially in adolescence Believe a variety of approaches is needed- including ‘forums at schools’. DrinkwiseAustralia

75 Cannabis: Recent use of cannabis, people aged 14 years or older, by age, National Drug Household Survey %

76 Cannabis: How have things changed? Lifetime and recent cannabis use, National Drug Household Survey %

77 Cannabis: Recent use of cannabis, people aged 14 years or older, by age, National Drug Household Survey %

78 Ever used cannabis, people aged 12 years or older, by age and sex, National Drug Household Survey %

79 Recent cannabis use, people aged 12 years or older, by age and sex, National Drug Household Survey %

80 Recent use of cannabis, people aged 12-17, and years, by age and jurisdiction, National Drug Household Survey %

81 Cannabis costs  Compared with other illicit drugs, cannabis use rates second to heroin in terms of healthy years of life lost to Australians  Cannabis use before 15 years predicts at 16 years School drop-out (22.5% versus 3.5% Frequent truanting (31.5% versus 4.7%)  When other factors considered, 3 X risk of leaving schools without formal qualifications Information from 2008 National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre (ncpic) workshop- see

82 Cannabis costs  Increased risk of poor mental health outcomes including Suicide Other substance use Criminal behaviour Reduced life opportunities  Adolescents develop dependence at a faster rate and at a lower exposure that do adults Information from 2008 National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre (ncpic) workshop- see

83 Cannabis: risks and harms?  Long term: increased risk of respiratory diseases, including cancer decreased memory and learning abilities decreased motivation  Dependence? Prevalence rates amongst those who ever try cannabis are 9-15% The risk increased the more often cannabis is smoked Early initiation is linked with progression to heavy use and dependence Hall, W and Pacula, R (2003) Cannabis use and dependence Information from 2008 National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre (ncpic) workshop- see

84 Ecstasy : r ecent use, people aged 12-17, 18-19, 20-29, years, National Drug Household Survey %

85 Pain-killers/analgesics for non-medical purposes Recent use: people aged 12 years or older, National Drug Household Survey %

86 Pain-killers/analgesics for non-medical purposes, (main type over-the-counter) Recent use, people aged 12 years or older, by age and sex, National Drug Household Survey %

87 Pain-killers/analgesics for non-medical purposes, (main type prescription) Recent use, people aged 12 years or older, by age and sex, National Drug Household Survey %

88 Recent use of meth/amphetamines, people aged 12-17, 18-19, and years, National Drug Household Survey %

89 Further information, contacts?  Please familiarise with the Drug Strategy website   The Drug Education Resources section has information about and links to relevant reports, about substances, methodologies, and resources for drug education.  With thanks for specific information in this Power point presentation from Paul Dillon (DARTA): Smarter than Smoking professional learning: Drug and Alcohol Services SA (DASSA):

90 Alcohol: teenage use 2010 National Drug Household Survey Powerful statistics around changed in adolescents and alcohol:  More teenagers (12-17 year olds) abstained from alcohol (61.6%) than consumed alcohol in the previous 12 months (38.4%)  The proportion abstaining increased significantly from 2007 (54.5%) 