What is an Integrated Mosquito Management Program? Janet McAllister Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Zoonotic Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases Fort Collins, CO "The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."

Who does mosquito control? State Boards and Commissions Local Departments of Health/Environment County Mosquito Boards (independent taxing districts) Individual Cities/Townships Neighborhood Associations Pest Management Professionals Private Contractors The bigger the area covered the more effective the program.

Sliding scale of programs Spray Program Relies mainly on use of chemicals. May have limited surveillance Control Program Uses Integrated Mosquito Management of which there are 8-9 components

Integrated Pest Management Optimization of pest control in an economically and ecologically sound manner - Apple, 1979

IPM Optimization This is accomplished by using multiple tactics in a compatible manner to maintain pest populations at an acceptable level while providing protection against hazards to humans, animals, plants and the environment – Metcalf & Luckmann, 1982

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

Allows you to decide when and where to treat for the best control based on thresholds. Thresholds can vary depending the species or the level of disease causing organisms present in a area. Method of surveillance conducted is driven by the biology of the local species.

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Arbovirus Transmission Cycle Aquatic Pupae Adults Larvae Eggs Terrestrial Weather and Climate Food, Space, Breeding sites Weather and Climate Food, Space, Breeding sites Predators and Pathogens Incidental hosts Vertebrate Host Vector Virus

Birds –Sentinel Chickens –Dead birds (public reported) –Wild birds live-captured Mosquito pools Horses Humans –Sentinel hospitals –Suspect cases Disease Surveillance

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Mapping = Data Management Can be as low tech as maps on the wall Using GPS and GIS allows for data management and analysis as well as creates good records.

GPS can be used to regulate pesticide flow and to monitor insecticide applications

GIS: Capturing Data Maps can be scaned, digitized or hand-traced with a computer mouse to collect the coordinates of features Site coordinates can be downloaded from GPS units Catch Basin Mapping* * Vector control response to a West Nile virus epidemic in Ohio Terry Allan. Fourth National Conference on West Nile Virus in the United States New Orleans, Louisiana, February 9-11, 2003 Aerial View of Suburban Density

GIS: Data Modeling A larval density map may be related to a vegetation cover map to identify suitable breeding sites for a mosquito vector

GIS: Data Output Graphics may be produced on the screen or on paper to make decisions about treatments and resources allocations Wall maps and other graphics allow the viewer to visualize and understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Physical Control = Source Reduction Any method of physically altering mosquito breeding sites to render it unsatisfactory for completion of mosquito life cycle Physical Control ≠ permanent Control

Water Management Impoundment management

Water Management Storm water retention structure management Local/State guidelines may or may not cover mosquito production

Sanitation Removal of water holding containers

Sanitation Maintenance and repair

Water Management Filling of low-lying depressions

Water Management Ditching

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Biological Control - Definition The reduction of an insect pest population by natural enemies. The process usually involves an active human role. Natural Control – Reduction of an insect pest population by naturally occurring organisms and environmental factors without human input.

Biological Control Agents Predators- organisms that consume insect pests Parasites- organisms whose immature stages develop in or on an insect pest, thus killing the pest Pathogens- disease causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Augmentation Most effective on aquatic mosquito life stages, i.e. egg, larva, pupa. Discrete water body habitats. Aquatic enemies easier to collect and produce. Better residual effect. Better operational use - rear or collect, and transport and distribute at reasonable cost.

Biological Control Agents Predator Fish – any top minnow Bacillus thuringiensis israelenisis, B.t.i. Bacillus sphericus Copopods

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Chemical Control Strategies for the chemical control for mosquitoes are almost opposite from those in agriculture.

Chemical Control Considerations Treating “air” space with little deposit of material and rapid breakdown. Applications require some wind to be present Very small droplets are needed

Chemical Control Considerations Applications are higher than 75 ft (helicopter) or 150 ft (fixed wing) Aerial applicators must have special equipment and file congested area flight plans

Mosquitocides Available for MADs in the US Adulticides: Organophosphates Naled Malathion Pyrethroids Permethrin Pyrethrum d-phenothrin (Sumethrin) Resmethrin Larvacides: Biologicals Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.) Bacillus sphaericus Insect Growth Regulators methoprene Oils Monomolecular films Organophosphate Temophos

Other products available but not in common use Organophosphates Chlorpyrifos (Aerial and ground ULV) Pyrethroids Deltamethrin (indoor - general pest label) Bifentrhrin (outdoor - general pest label) Lambda cyhalothrin (bednets, indoor and outdoor- general pest label)

Areawide Mosquito Adulticides ChemicalClassYearuses MalathionOP1950 Crops, livestock, home, ornamental, forest, public health NaledOP1960 Crops, livestock, ornamental, greenhouses, forest, public health ChlorpyriphosOP1966 Crops, home, stored products, public health ResmethrinPY1968 House, ornamental, livestock premisis, public health SumethrinPY1971 House, greenhouses, livestock premisis, ornamentals, public health PermethrinPY1974 Crops, livestock, public health, ornamentals, greenhouses PyrethrinsPY*Ca 6 A.D. Crops, livestock, home, public health, ornamentals, pets, food handling establishments

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Resistance Issues What is it? When will it arrive? Once it’s here that’s it for that chemical/class. How do I know I have it? What do I do? What roles do outside forces play in selection for resistance? Where do I go for help?

Traditional Definition “Insecticide resistance” describes the ability of strains of insects to survive “normally” lethal doses of insecticide, the ability having resulted from selection of tolerant individuals in populations exposed to the toxicant for several generations. The time to act is before resistance reaches this level.

Improved Definition Insecticide Resistance is a genetic change in response to selection by toxicants that may impair control in the field. (Sawicki, 1987)

Spray a population

Survivor with “something special”

Offspring of the survivor

Spray again - more survivors

More resistance in population

Cross-resistance results from a common detoxification system or from target-site insensitivity. Multiple-resistance extends to a variety of classes of insecticides with differing modes of action and different detoxification pathways.

single class of insecticide long-residual action slow-release formulation apply to all life states, all generations treat all habitat where pest occurs How to develop Insecticide Resistance in Vectors

Cross-Resistance Relationships Carbamates Organophosphates Pyrethroids DDT IGRs KDR Ache Esterases Oxidases

Mosquito age has no effect on oxidase levels Resistance threshold

Mosquito age has an effect on esterase levels Resistance threshold

Chief Advantage of Bottle Bioassay DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE CRITICAL TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETER: The length of time required for an insecticide to traverse intervening tissues to reach and interact with it’s target in the presence or absence of any resistance mechanism(s).

Materials for Bottle Bioassay.

Add acetone and insecticide to bottle.

Shake and roll in all directions in all directions Coat bottle with insecticide.

Roll bottles. Evaporate acetone.

Adding Mosquitoes to Treated Bottles.

Reading Data. Rotatebottle

Wiebull Distribution with frailty model and interval sensing components Change in area 205 from 2005 to 2006

Pyrethroid resistance bioassay. Susceptible population Test population Bottle treated with: pyrethroid only

Oxidase resistance bioassay. Bottle treated with: pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB) A

Oxidase resistance bioassay. Bottle treated with: pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB) B

Oxidase resistance bioassay. Bottle treated with: pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB) C

Steps to field test mosquitoes

Field Study Site in Harris County

Snapshot Resistance Management Management Snapshot Resistance Management Management

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Lessons we are learning about a complex issue. Resistance is widespread. Resistance is focal and unique. How much testing will depend on the resolution you need, your resources and what you find. We are beginning to understand management strategies as they apply to US control methods. Comparative testing scheme is showing that bottle bioassays (cheapest, easiest method) are useful and compare to field tests (most expensive method). You ignore resistance at the peril of your pocketbook.

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Local, State and Federal Laws to address breeding of mosquitoes Usually under Department of Health Sanitary Codes Address fines and other civil actions against property owners breeding mosquitoes

Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Legal Actions

Mosquitoes Only Fly As Far As Necessary For A Blood Meal Aesthetics Property Values Disease Economics WHY IS PUBLIC EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY OUTREACH NECESSARY? East Baton Rouge Parish Mosquito Abatement and Rodent Control

WHEN DO YOU USE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND OUTREACH? TO AID IN VOTER EDUCATION TO ESTABLISH A CONTROL PROGRAM

WHEN DO YOU USE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND OUTREACH? EMPTY DRAINFILL TREAT TO ENCOURAGE THE CITIZENS TO DO THEIR PART IN CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION East Baton Rouge Parish Mosquito Abatement and Rodent Control

Integrated Mosquito Management is made up of 9 components. Individual programs may employ varying degrees of these components but to be more than a spray program all 9 are present. Successful mosquito control depends on good lines of communication and working partnerships with the public and many Local, State and Federal agencies. (ie, Public Works, Health, Wildlife and Fisheries, Agriculture, Environmental Departments etc.) In Summary

Food for Thought Louisiana Mosquito Abatement Plan uito/pdf/template.pdf Texas Dept. of Health, Vector and Rodent Control Study Guide Florida Mosquito Control: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators and environmental managers. American Mosquito Control Association Centers for Disease Control estnile/resources/wnv-guidelines- aug-2003.pdf

Jack Baldwin Bonnie Broussard Mary Grodner Kurt Guidry Raquel Gleiser Jack Leonard Janet McAllister Ray Parsons Mike Perich Matt Yates Slides/Photos brought to you by: Harris County Health Department Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals LSU Ag Center Louisiana Mosquito Control Association Texas Mosquito Control Association Centers for Disease Control and Prevention New Orleans Mosquito and Termite Control Board Collier and Indian River County Mosquito Control Districts