PROTOZOA First Animal

Parasite Lives at expense of host Ectoparasites Endoparasites Ticks & lice Endoparasites Protozoan & worms

Characteristics of Protozoa Unicellular eukaryotes Key part of food chain Most free living, decomposers especially sewage

Characteristics of Protozoa Some commensals- no harm Guts of termites, roaches, ruminants Some parasites Most motile by cilia, flagella or pseudopodia

Morphology Diverse Lack rigid cellulose cell wall Trophozoite Pellicle or membrane Trophozoite

Morphology Many have resting stage-cyst Not reproductive structure Intestinal bugs pass host to host

Reproduction Asexual Sexual Fission, budding Schizogony Gametes Oocyst-Apicomplexa

Nutrition Aerobic, mostly chemoheterotrophic (engulf food) One group is photoautotrophic Some anaerobic growth; live in intestine Some transport food across membrane

Nutrition Some ingest food Ciliates have cytostome Amoebae engulf food via pseudopods Digestion takes place in vacuoles- (lysosomes), waste through PM or anal pore

Virulence factors Waste products (toxins) produce disease-malaria Hide from immune system Some grow inside phagocytes Some change antigens

Archaezoa Lack mitochondria Evolved before endosymbiotic event or lost ability to produce mitochondria

Archaezoa Many live as symbionts Trophozoite Spindle shaped with 2 or more flagella

Trichomonas vaginalis Vagina and male urinary tract( asymptomatic) No cyst form needs to be transferred before drying Transmitted via sex , toilet facilities or towels(moist)

Trichomonas vaginalis Environmental changes DT abxs, DM, or IUD-infection S&S increase in WBCs Prevention-abstinence, monogomy, condoms

Giardia lamblia Tophozoite Survives in environment long time Excreted in feces as cysts Survives in environment long time Ingested by host or transferred during anal intercourse Cyst resistant to chlorine & stomach acid

Giardia Metronidazole, flagyl used for anaerobes damages DNA Diapers in day care Enterotest capsule-gelatin with string

Amoebozoa Amoebas Pseudopodia for phagocytosis Entamoeba histolytica ( tissue lysing)- amoebic dysentery (Blood in stools) Trophozoites in small intestine -food is RBCs Cysts excreted in feces of infected person-MSM

Entamoeba histolytica Forms ulcers by digesting wall of large intestine Can enter blood stream Infect other organs of body

Apicomplexa Nonmotile in mature forms All are parasitic obligate intracellular parasite Presence of a complex of special organelles at tips of cells Oocysts are reproductive

Plasmodium Causes malaria Characterized by shaking chills,feve & sweats Symptoms occur at regular intervals-2 to 3 days ID species Vector is Anopheles mosquito

Plasmodium P vivax, one of 4 species- most prevalent species but benign  Sexual reproduction in gut ·  Infective sporozoites in saliva

    Life Cycle ·Transmit to humans (bite) and 100s go to liver where schizogony occurs –merozoites ·  Enter RBCs where develop into ring stage

Life Cycle · Multiply, forms merozoites and burst ·  Some merozoites develop into gametes Enter gut of mosquito Forms oocyst in wall of intestine Cell division forms sporozoites and migrate to salivary glands

Life Cycle Definitive host is mosquito-sexual cycle Intermediate host -human- asexual cycle Diagnosis by blood smear and interval of symptoms . Regulated by host’s body temperature

P. falciparum Most dangerous; “malignant malaria Black water fever Untreated malignant kills 50% of infected persons Suppressed immune system and caused severe anemia RBCs stick to capillaries causing blockage tissue death -liver ,kidney and brain

Treatment Treatment is chloroquine for early stages Primaquine for late stages Resistance has developed

Immunity If survive malaria , have limited immunity Sickle cell trait persons are relatively resistant to malaria RBCs sickle under low oxygen tension Microbe can’t survive

Control Program Need an effective program Increase in world population Increase in warming Increase in resistant Plasmodium strains Increase in mosquito resistance to insecticides Different stages of life cycle require different medications

Toxoplasmosis Agent Toxoplasma gondii Definitive host -cat, Oocyst shed in feces Form trophozoites-tachyzoites(fast) Multiply in host tissues-all cells except RBCs Intracellular parasite ruptures cells

Signs & Symptoms Fever, malaise, sore throat, swelling of lymph nodes Immune system contains disease-chronic infection Tissue cyst forms containing bradyzoites Reactivate later when immune system breaks down Can form lesions on eyes or any other organ

Life Cycle Humans ingest undercooked meat or contact with cat feces- contain oocysts Trophozoites released and feed on bacteria and fecal material Most have mild symptoms unless immunocompromised

Infection Congenital infections result in brain damage or vision problems in fetus ·  AIDS -severe eye damage from reactivation of cysts

Euglenozoa 2 groups Hemoflagellates-blood parasites Transmitted by bites of insects and found in circulatory system Trypanosomiasis- 2 species of Trypanosoma One causes a wasting disease: other acute, rapid progression to coma & death

African Sleeping Sickness Affects nervous system, encephalitis Multiples by fission inside of insect Vector tsetse fly (salivary glands), reservoir is game animals Infects human when defecates during biting Forms painful chancre (syphilis) Pathogen in blood then goes to liver, lymph nodes & CSF Decrease in mental acuity and physical activity; untreated coma and death

Virulence Factor Evades immune system-changes antigens Coincides with increase in parasites in blood Continues till death or effective treatment > 1000 genes coding for different antigens on surface Few antiprotozoan drugs for treatment Toxic

Ciliophora Ciliates, most are free living Arranged in precise rows on cell Move in unison to propel organism and to push food toward mouth Balantidium coli-only human pathogen in this group causes rare dysentery reservoir is usually pigs Cause ulcer to form in colon when trophozoites burrow into colon