V.C. Muscular Stability Abdominal muscles on ventral side: 1. Prevent V.C. hyperextension 2. Pull pelvis toward sternum 3. Pull thorax toward pelvis Erector Spinae muscles on dorsal side: 1. Compress V.C. 2. Holds V.C. together

moving trunk away from “throwing” arm FIG 7.4 page 233 CONTRALATERAL Trunk Flexion moving trunk away from “throwing” arm FIG 7.4 page 233

IPSILATERAL Trunk Flexion moving trunk towards the “throwing” arm “UNDERARM” Throw Pattern

LORDOSIS Pelvis tilted towards anterior often due to weak abdominal muscles treatment: 1. stretch hip muscles [extensors and flexors] 2. strengthen abdominals and hip flexors

SCOLIOSIS mediolateral curvature of V.C. [“S” curve] often caused by one leg shorter than other treatment of functional problem: 1. Stretch Concave side  ) interior of curve 2. Strengthen Convex side )  exterior of curve

KYPHOSIS exaggerated curve of V.C. anterior/posterior bending forward of thoracic area along with flattening of lumbar curve treatment: 1. Strengthen V.C. extensors 2. Stretch V.C. flexors [thoracic area]

Rounded Shoulders Treatment: 1. Strengthen retractors of shoulder girdle 2. Stretch protractors of shoulder girdle

SIT UPS Abdominals Hip Flexors move vertebral column if pelvis is fixed or stabilized move pelvis if vertebral column is fixed or stabilized move thighs if pelvis is fixed/stabilized move pelvis if thighs are fixed/stabilized

Long Lying Sit-Up: FIG 7.6a page 237 If Abdominals are Strong: Abdominals are the prime mover Abdominals ALONE flex the Vertebral Column Hip Flexors stabilize pelvis (H.F.do not flex V.C.)

Long Lying Sit-Up: FIG 7.6a If Abdominals are WEAK: Abdominals alone cannot flex V.C. (Abs only assist) Hip Flexors are the prime movers Hip Flexors pull pelvis and lumbar disks compress

If Abdominals are WEAK: “Leg Lifts”: FIG 7.6b If Abdominals are WEAK: Abdominals cannot stabilize pelvis (prevent flexing) Pelvis flexes due to pull of Hip Flexors Lower Back hyperextends, lumbar disks compress This exercise requires very strong abdominals

“Bent Leg or Curl” Sit-Up: FIG 7.6c Hip Flexors are shortened (Length/Tension principle) H.F. stabilize pelvis (do not flex pelvis) Abdominals must do most if not all of the work minimizes hyperextension of lumbar vertebrae

“Snap-Up”: FIG 7.6d simultaneous Hip and V.C. flexion requires  Torque from Abdominals in 2 ways: 1. flexion of the Vertebral Column 2. stabilize Pelvis to prevent it rotating forward

Bent Leg “Curl” Sit Up on Incline Board FIG 7.6e page 237 incline position allows resistive Tg to have  ROM depending on  of board, Tg may never reach 0

from KIN 300/301 Exercise Book by Natascha Wesch page 48 “CRUNCH” SIT-UP Non-Supported Supported More difficult Less difficult from KIN 300/301 Exercise Book by Natascha Wesch page 48

“CRUNCH” SIT-UP: non-supported Stabilizers activated Pelvis “flat” or tilted forward no V.C. hyperextension

Lumbar HYPERFLEXION  FIG 4.18a page 163  FIG 4.16c page 161

Lumbar HYPEREXTENSION FIG 7.9  page 242  FIG 7.10 page 242