School Diversity and Differentiated Schooling: The Progressive Era Chapter Four School Diversity and Differentiated Schooling: The Progressive Era (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Political Economy of Progressive Era Urbanization Immigration Open vs. restricted immigration Industrialization Artisans to monopoly capitalists Taylorization The effect on women’s work (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Worker Responses Trade unionism Populism Socialism Violence, strikes widespread Populism Traditions of agrarian democracy Socialism Urban, political, additional focus on race and class equality (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Government Responses to Unrest Progressivism Stabilized economy while reinforcing unequal power relations between workers and business/government Progressive urban reform Propelled by middle and upper class Centralization of power and expertise Increased reliance on “experts” and privileged citizens (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

New Liberal Ideology Natural law Reason Virtue From scientific truth (Newton et al.) to relative truth (Darwin) Reason From human reason to scientific rationality Virtue From religious truths to conditionally determined good (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

New Liberal Ideology Progress Nationalism Freedom Natural law and reason give way to scientific planning and management Nationalism From individualism to group identity Freedom From “negative” to “positive” (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

“New” Psychology Faculty psychology is rejected Psychoanalytic approach (Freud) Primitivist psychology (Hall) Social psychology (Mead) Connectionism (Thorndike) (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Two Strands of Progressive Education Varied, child-centered curriculum Developmental democracy model Social efficiency model Learning through activity Schooling as response to social problems School a reflection of social realities (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Developmental Democracy Model John Dewey Education is only successful when people participate in democratic forms of life Schools as “laboratories for democracy” Avoidance of vocational education (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Social Efficiency Model Charles W. Eliot Goals of Social stability Employable skills Equal educational opportunity Meritocracy Use of mass IQ testing (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Concluding Remarks Progressive Era marks shift from classical laissez-faire liberalism to reliance on government and scientific expertise to solve social and economic problems Schools as the setting for a social-efficiency approach to education (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Developing Your Professional Vocabulary American socialism artisan craftsmanship developmental democracy John Dewey Charles Eliot eugenics monopoly capitalism new immigration (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

Developing Your Professional Vocabulary “new psychology” The Origin of Species populism progressive educational reformers social efficiency Taylorization (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e