HIS 206

Population increased tenfold: 1700: 250, : 2.5 million 75% due to natural increase Population grew more diverse 25% due to immigration Many came as redemptioners

: 221,500 arrivals (10% of 1775 population) 55,000+ Protestant Irish 40,000+ Scots 30,000+ English 12,000+ Germans & Swiss 84,500 African slaves 9,662 British emigrants recorded between Dec – March 1776 Almost half under 25; almost a quarter out of 4 were male Almost half were indentured servants 1/3 came from SE England; ¼ from London 2/5 came from Scotland (mostly Highlands)

Metropolitan Pattern: young men in early 20’s, acting individually Not desperately poor Usually artisan who finished apprenticeship but was unable to find work as journeyman Went as redemptioner to preserve savings Went overwhelmingly to Penn., Maryland & Virginia Provincial Pattern: farm families with small children Rarely indentured servants Often raised passage money by selling off all possessions Usually sought out new settlements in back country Went to Nova Scotia, New York & North Carolina

Pre-industrial English population mobility consisted of 3 interwoven patterns: Short-distance movements in countryside Result of pop. growth, decline in real wages, extension of commercial farming, & uprooting effect of cottage industry 2 out of every 3 children left home parishes (3 out of 4 boys) Longer-distance movements from countryside to provincial towns & cities Betterment migration of young sons from stable families for apprenticeships Subsistence migration of poor people seeking casual labor Superimposed flow of people into catch basin of London Pop. grew from 200,000 in 1600 to 575,000 by /3 of London’s pop. were recent arrivals 1 out of every 6 English people had lived in London at some point

Boston was a nursery - pop. remained constant after 1740 because exporting to surrounding towns Philadelphia was a warehouse Pop. increased 6.5 times, despite high mortality rate Most newcomers stayed short time, then moved on to back country New York was a staging area – dispersed immigrants to northern frontier

378,000 emigrants from England to western hemisphere in 1600s – 155,000 to mainland colonies 50,ooo convicts shipped to colonies in 1700s 18th century emigrants more skilled because slaves took over unskilled work Indentured servants barred from marriage & mobility during term of service Indentured Servants,

Politically connected individuals received large land grants, then tried to attract settlers Often allowed initial settlers to improve land for several years for very low or no rents, then rented it profitably or sold it