The Increasing Influence Of Europe Chapter 19 The Increasing Influence Of Europe

The Regional States of Medieval Europe Social & Economic Problems Late Byzantine Empire The Holy Roman Empire Otto I Challenges from The West Investiture Contest King In N. Germany Wealthy landowners Took over properties Of independent peasants, Ending the Theme system Challenges From the East Quelled political disturbances, Protected the church, sought opportunities In the south. Foreign Challenges (Normans and Other Europeans started crusades Nomadic Turks Saljuqs seize Anatolia, Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople Controversy Over appointment Of Church Officials Pope John XII Proclaimed him Emperor starting The Holy Roman Empire Lay Investiture Let lay rulers select church Officials, Pope Gregory VII stops this

The Regional States of Medieval Europe The Holy Roman Empire Regional States in Italy & Iberia Church influence In Italy Regional Monarchies in France & England Italian States Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190) Christian & Muslim States in Iberia 12th c. a Series of Prosperous Cities (Florence, Bolgna, Milan Venice No one controlled peninsula Capetian France Wanted to take Lombardy in N. Italy, & dominate Much of Europe The Normans Christian: Castile, Aragon Portugal. Muslim: Granada Many ecclesiastical States, city-states, & principalities Hugh Capet, descendants Known as Capetian Kings Pursued own interest, Centralized from dukes themselves Emerged as prominent political And military leaders Norman England Norman the Conqueror Norman adventures Intervene in Italian affairs Popes did not like This attempt Gathered support From other European Cities. Barbarossa gives Up rights to Lombardy. Gradually centralized Power and authority in France Lay classes challenged Bishops eventually Displacing them Organize regional monarchies That maintained order And provided reasonably good government They overcome Byzantine And Muslim authorities Due to papal support S. Italy comes under Roman Catholic Church

Economic Growth and Social Development Revival of Towns & Trade Urbanization Textile Production Growth of the Agricultural Economy Population Growth Trade New Crops New Urban Cities emerge Expansion In Manufacturing & trade esp. wool textiles 800ce at 29 mil.- 1300ce at 79 mil. Expansion of Arable Land Improved Agricultural Techniques New tools & technologies Hanseatic League Beans, peas, wheat, Rice, spinach, artichokes Eggplants, lemons… West: Italy To Bergen East: N. Italy & Flanders Horse collar Horseshoe Increased land Devoted to agriculture Mediterranean Higher productivity Baltic Sea & North Sea Dug ponds Ports of Black Sea, Indian Ocean & Overland Trade w/ India, SE Asia, & China Different Crop rotations Domestic animals Yields higher Taxes and increase own wealth Improved trading brings Credit, banking & new Business organizations. (Letters of Credit, commercial Partnerships)

Economic Growth and Social Development Social Change Guilds Three Estates Chivalry Troubadours Workers of Arts, crafts Artisan Regulated Production and sales of goods Independent Cities Women also A part of guilds And worked similar jobs High ethical standards And refined manner, to prevent Fighting w/in Christendom Traveling poets Minstrels, and entertainers “Those who Prayed, those who Fight, those who Work” Growing towns Of medieval Europe Worked: majority Of population, peasants Friendship And workers, Provided for each Other in times Of need Prayed: Clergy of Roman Catholic Church Fight: ranks Of Nobles Eleanor of Aquitane Able to resist The demands Of nobles and guilds Troubadour promoted Good manners, refinement And romantic love

European Christianity during the High Middle Ages Schools, Universities and Scholastic Theology European Christianity during the High Middle Ages Reform Movements and Popular Heresies St. Thomas Aquinas Cathedral Schools Universities Dominicans & Franciscans Popular Heresy The harmonization Of Aristotle w/Christianity Creating a synthesis of reason And faith High quality Instruction, academic Degrees, licenses to teach Popular Religion Formula Curricula, Instruction In Liberal Arts St. Dominic & St. Francis Waldensians, Bogomils And Cathars Sacraments Devotion To Saints Mendicants, Beg for food And other needs Worked zealously Against Christendom Holy rituals That bring Spiritual Blessings on The observants Human beings Who had led Such excellent Lives that God Held them in esteem Pilgrimage Protect individuals From death and Advance worldly interest Relics believed To retain powers Virgin Mary