EARLY PEOPLES AND CIVILIZATIONS Human Origins in Africa Humans Try to Control Nature Civilization

VOCABULARY Artifact Civilization Culture Specialization Paleolithic Age Artisan Neolithic Age Institution Nomad Scribe Hunter-Gatherer Cuneiform Slash and Burn Farming Bronze Age Neolithic Revolution Barter Domestication Ziggurat

Scientists Discover Human Origins Archaeologists search through the dirt and soil to find clues to the past. Artifacts are found at dig sites and information about how the people who left them is gathered. Anthropologists study cultures, how people lived and what was unique about each group. Paleontologists study fossils and then they determine the time period in which the artifact was created. The above scientists work together to find, date, and preserve evidence from ancient history.

STONE AGE OLD STONE AGE PALEOLITHIC AGE NEW STONE AGE NEOLITHIC AGE

PALEOLITHIC AGE Old Stone Age From about 2.5 million yrs ago to 8,000 b.c. Ice Age period Oldest know chopping tools

Paleolithic Old Stone Age Prehistoric Hunter-gatherer Nomadic Primitive tools Cave art Family groups – clans

NEOLITHIC AGE New Stone Age 8,000 b.c. to early 3,000 b.c. Polished stone tools Pottery Crops Raised Animals

Neolithic New Stone Age Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution Began 10,000 years ago From hunter-gatherer to farming Permanent dwellings Villages –cities-civilizations Irrigation-surplus-trade Artisans became part of society Need for cooperation among groups Social class systems developed Religion became organized Neolithic

Neolithic Settlement-Jericho Jericho (also called Tell es- Sultan) is the name of a tell (a mound or mount) situated on an ancient lake bed plain in what is known as the West Bank, Palestine. The city that the tell represents is one of oldest continuously occupied (more or less) locations on the planet.

Evolution of Homo sapiens

Homo Habilis Tools East Africa, 2.5 million yrs ago Homo Erectus Technology East Africa, 1.6 million yrs ago Homo Sapiens Modern Humans East Africa, 200,000 yrs ago

The hominids Australopithicus a. appeared in east Africa about 4 million to 1 million years ago b. walked upright on two legs; well developed hands c. stone tools, fire later

The hominids, continued Peopling of the World Human Origins ~ Scientific Discovery *Mary Leakey, archaeologist, in Tanzania, found footprints of earliest humans-1978

“LUCY” Discovered in 1974 Donald Johnson and his team Ethiopia The unusually complete skeleton of and adult, female hominid She had lived around 3.5 million years ago The oldest hominid found to date

Australopithecus LUCY

LUCY

Homo Erectus a. 2.5 million to 2 hundred thousand years ago, east Africa b. Large brain, sophisticated tools; definitely knew how to control fire c. Developed language skills in well- coordinated hunts of large animals d. Migrated to Asia and Europe

Homo Sapiens -evolved as early as two hundred thousand years ago Brain with large frontal region for conscious and reflective thought.

Homo Sapiens Neanderthals Cro-Magnons

NEANDERTHALS

Were not distributed throughout world, mainly Europe and parts of Asia

CRO-MAGNONS The first human beings of fully modern type; appeared forty thousand years ago Homo sapiens, sapiens-modern man

TECHNOLOGY AND ART Used stone, bone, and wood to fashion more than 100 different types of tools. Paleolithic Art Sympathetic Magic/Cave Paintings-effort to control the subject by capturing their spirits. Neolithic Revolution Early Farming Domestication of Animals

Cave paintings found in France

Venus figures-small sculptures of women which represent love and/or fertility

Neolithic era and transition to agriculture Neolithic era; new stone age; refined tools and agriculture a. About 12,000 – 6,000 years ago b. Neolithic women began systematic cultivation of plants/crops c. Neolithic men began domestication of animals d. Metallurgy-metal working e. Egalitarian society-belief in human equality f. Pastoralism-ranchers

Early agriculture around 9,000 B.C.E. a. agriculture emerged independently in several parts of the world b. merchants, migrants, and travelers spread food knowledge c. slash and burn cultivation involved frequent movement of farmers d. agriculture is more work than hunting/gathering but can provide a steady, large supply of food e. land ownership creates social distinctions

Case Study-Catal Huyuk (located in present day Turkey) One of the best known Neolithic settlements Venus Figurine-usually found in burial sites.

CIVILIZATION Villages Grow Into Cities Economic Changes Social Changes

WHAT IS CIVILIZATION? Advanced Cities Specialized Workers Complex Institutions Record keeping Advanced Technology

An Agricultural Economy City Life Trade Temples Religious Record CASE STUDY-UR An Agricultural Economy City Life Trade Temples Religious Record