CMGPD-LN Substantive Lecture Day 6 Marriage and Reproduction

Marriage and Reproduction in Comparison East/West differences in marriage and reproduction East, including China: – Early, universal marriage for women In China, later and non-universal marriage for men – Relatively slow pace of childbearing after marriage Northwest Europe – Late marriage for men and women Some non-marriage – Very rapid childbearing after marriage

Marriage and Remarriage in China Marriage timing/proportions married – Not much variation in female timing For CMGPD-LN, female proportions married requires life table analysis – More variation in male timing Thus more to analyze Assortative mating – Important question, but hard to do with the CMGPD- LN – Information about females does have surname and age Variant forms of marriage – Some concubinage in data, but not much – See work by Arthur Wolf and colleagues on Taiwan

Females proportion married by region

Females proportion married By population type

Males proportion married By region

Males proportion married By population type

Table 2. Male First Marriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Marriage by next register Population Type Regular0.802Reference Specialized Low Shuangcheng Jingqi0.119Reference Tunding Geographical region Northern Liaoning0.353Reference Central Liaoning South-central Liaoning Southern Liaoning Parental survival Both parents alive0.586Reference0.631Reference Father alive, mother dead Mother alive, father dead Both parents dead

Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Household characteristics Father is head # adult males in household # older married brothers # older unmarried brothers # unmarried older sisters # younger brothers # younger sisters Socioeconomic status Father is artisan Father is soldier Father is higher official Father has an exam title Father has a purchased title # brothers with position # brothers with exam titles # uncles with position # uncles with exam titles # cousins with position # cousins with exam titles Artisan Soldier Higher official Exam title Purchased title

Table 3. Female First Marriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)p Marriage by next register Population category RegularReference Specialized Low Shuangcheng Jingqi0.262Reference Tunding Geographical region Northern Liaoning0.282Reference Central Liaoning South-central Liaoning Southern Liaoning Parental survival Both parents alive0.760Reference0.709Reference Father alive, mother dead Mother alive, father dead Both parents dead

Table 3. Female First Marriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)p Household characteristics Father is head # adult males in household # older married brothers # older unmarried brothers # unmarried older sisters # younger brothers # younger sisters Socioeconomic status Father is artisan Father is soldier Father is higher official Father has an exam title Father has a purchased title # brothers with position # brothers with exam titles # uncles with position # uncles with exam titles # cousins with position # cousins with exam titles

Table 4. Widower Remarriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Remarriage by next register Duration of widowhood (Reference: 0-2 years) Widowed 3-9 years Widowed 10+ years Population category RegularReference Specialized Low Shuangcheng Jingqi0.123Reference Tunding (Ref.) Geographical regions Northern Liaoning0.444Reference Central Liaoning South-central Liaoning Southern Liaoning

Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Household Characteristics Parental survival Both parents alive0.081Reference0.118Reference Father alive, mother dead Mother alive, father dead Both parents dead # sons # adult males in household # older married brothers # older unmarried brothers # unmarried older sisters # younger brothers # younger sisters Socioeconomic Status # brothers with position # brothers with exam titles # cousins with position # cousins with exam titles Artisan Soldier Higher official Exam title Purchased title

Table 5. Widow Remarriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanExp(B)P Remarriage by next register Duration of widowhood (Reference: 0-2 years) Widowed 3-9 years Widowed 10+ years Population category RegularReference Specialized Low Shuangcheng Jingqi0.158Reference Tunding (Ref.) Geographical regions Northern Liaoning0.375Reference Central Liaoning South-central Liaoning Southern Liaoning

Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanExp(B)P Household characteristics Parental survival Both parents-in-law alive0.069Reference0.067Reference Father-in-law alive, mother-in law dead Mother-in-law alive, father-in-law dead Both parents-in-law dead # of sons # Adult Males in Household # older married brothers-in-law # older unmarried brothers-in-law # younger brothers-in-law # younger sisters-in-law Socioeconomic Status # brothers-in-law with position # cousins-in-law with position # cousins-in-law with exam titles Husband was soldier Husband was higher official Husband had exam title Husband had purchased title

Reproduction Major questions Was age-specific marital fertility lower in China than in the West? – Now seems to be broad agreement that it was Was fertility related to economic conditions, household circumstances, family context? – Also seems to be broad agreement that it was Remaining question: was fertility behavior deliberate? – Or just a side-effect of other behaviors like migration, etc.? See Campbell, Cameron and James Lee "Fertility control in historical China revisited: New methods for an old debate." History of the Family. 15: doi: /j.hisfam