Quantum Theory of Light A TimeLine. Light as an EM Wave.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Lecture Outline Chapter 30 Physics, 4th Edition James S. Walker
Advertisements

Knight - Chapter 28 (Grasshopper Book) Quantum Physics.
Ch 9 pages ; Lecture 20 – Particle and Waves.
Electron Configuration and New Atomic Model Chapter 4.
Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom
Physics 2 Chapter 27 Sections 1-3.
Wave-Particle Duality 1: The Beginnings of Quantum Mechanics.
6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Chapter 6.4 Interactions of matter with energy.
Chapter 7 Quantum Theory of the Atom Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. What are the electrons doing in the atom? Why do atoms.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Pre-IB/Pre-AP CHEMISTRY
Electronic Structure of Atoms
The Photoelectric Effect
Quantum Physics. Black Body Radiation Intensity of blackbody radiation Classical Rayleigh-Jeans law for radiation emission Planck’s expression h =
The Birth of the Quantum Theory Classically: Mechanics (Newton), Electromagnetism (Maxwell), Thermodynamics (Carnot, mayer, Helmholtz, Clausius, Kelvin),
The Interaction of Light and Matter Commonly drawn symbol for photon A more physically meaningful symbol for the photon as an energy wavepacket confined.
Classical ConceptsEquations Newton’s Law Kinetic Energy Momentum Momentum and Energy Speed of light Velocity of a wave Angular Frequency Einstein’s Mass-Energy.
E = hf E – energy of a quantum (Joules) h – Plank’s constant (6.626 x J  s) f – frequency of absorbed or emitted EMR.
Modern Physics.
Chapter 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
Quantum Physics Study Questions PHYS 252 Dr. Varriano.
1 Ch 4 Electron Energies. 2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels though.
Quantum Mechanics. Planck’s Law A blackbody is a hypothetical body which absorbs radiation perfectly for every wave length. The radiation law of Rayleigh-Jeans.
Quantum Theory of Light.
As an object gets hot, it gives Off energy in the form of Electromagnetic radiation.
Quantum Physics. Quantum Theory Max Planck, examining heat radiation (ir light) proposes energy is quantized, or occurring in discrete small packets with.
Wave-Particle Duality: The Beginnings of Quantum Mechanics.
Electrons in Atoms Chapter 5. Duality of Light Einstein proved that matter and energy are related E = mc 2 Einstein proved that matter and energy are.
Baby-Quiz 1.Why are diffraction effects of your eyes more important during the day than at night? 2.Will the converging lens focus blue light or red light.
Chemistry 330 Chapter 11 Quantum Mechanics – The Concepts.
Quantum Theory FYI 1/3 of exams graded, and average is about 71%. Reading: Ch No HW this week !
Blackbody A black body is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incident on it The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body is called blackbody.
Mullis1 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Principles of electromagnetic radiation led to Bohr’s model of the atom. Electron location is described using.
DUALITY PARTICLE WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY WAVE © John Parkinson.
The Nature of Light Is Light a Particle or a Wave?
Slide 1 of 38 chemistry. Slide 2 of 38 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Physics and the Quantum Mechanical Model > Light The amplitude of a wave is the.
Quantum Theory & the History of Light
Questions From Reading Activity? Assessment Statements  Topic 13.1, Quantum Physics: The Quantum Nature of Radiation Describe the photoelectric.
Physics 1202: Lecture 31 Today’s Agenda Announcements: Extra creditsExtra credits –Final-like problems –Team in class HW 9 this FridayHW 9 this Friday.
Development of a New Atomic Model Properties of Light.
Review of Special Relativity S and S’ system: S and S’ system: For a particle with velocity in S: For a particle with velocity in S: The Doppler effect:
4: Introduction to Quantum Physics
Review of EM wave  particle EM wave behave as particle: EM wave behave as particle: Proof: Proof: Blackbody radiation. Plank proposes ??? to solve ???
Light is a Particle Physics 12.
1 2. Atoms and Electrons How to describe a new physical phenomenon? New natural phenomenon Previously existing theory Not explained Explained New theoryPredicts.
Need for Quantum Physics Problems remained from classical mechanics that relativity didn’t explain Problems remained from classical mechanics that relativity.
Ch2 Bohr’s atomic model Four puzzles –Blackbody radiation –The photoelectric effect –Compton effect –Atomic spectra Balmer formula Bohr’s model Frank-Hertz.
Chapter 33 Early Quantum Theory and Models of Atom.
Physics 213 General Physics Lecture Exam 3 Results Average = 141 points.
QUANTUM AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS. Wave Particle Duality In some situations light exhibits properties that are wave-like or particle like. Light does not show.
Topic I: Quantum theory Chapter 7 Introduction to Quantum Theory.
Light is a Particle Physics 12 Adv. Blackbody Radiation A blackbody is a perfect emitter; that is it emits the complete EM spectrum Work done by Gustav.
Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms Chapter 7.
Chemistry I Chapter 4 Arrangement of Electrons. Electromagnetic Radiation Energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space Moves at the.
Light, Quantitized Energy & Quantum Theory CVHS Chemistry Ch 5.1 & 5.2.
Light CHEM HONORS. The Nature of Light Light is electromagnetic radiation, a wave composed of oscillating, mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic.
Physics 4 – April 27, 2017 P3 Challenge –
Quantum Theory Chapter 27.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms
Origin of Quantum Theory
Where do these spectral lines come from?
Lecture 20 Light and Quantized Energy Ozgur Unal
Blackbody Radiation All bodies at a temperature T emit and absorb thermal electromagnetic radiation Blackbody radiation In thermal equilibrium, the power.
Chapter 29: Particles and Waves
Chapter 27 Early Quantum Theory
Light and Energy Electromagnetic Radiation is a form of energy that is created through the interaction of electrical and magnetic fields. It displays wave-like.
Physics and the Quantum Model
Properties of Light.
Photoelectric Effect And Quantum Mechanics.
Presentation transcript:

Quantum Theory of Light A TimeLine

Light as an EM Wave

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) Quantum theory did not begin with an attempt to explain the behaviour of light.

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) Quantum theory did not begin with an attempt to explain the behaviour of light. Scientists had already accepted Maxwell’s description of light!

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) Maxwell had proposed that light was an electromagnetic disturbance created by extremely high frequency oscillators.

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) Maxwell had proposed that light was an electromagnetic disturbance created by extremely high frequency oscillators.

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) It was assumed from this theory that these oscillators (resonators) were able to emit light of frequency equal to their own.

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) Hertz was successful in indirectly proving (was no way frequencies higher than 10 9 Hz) the theory by showing that it described the properties of light.

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) Hertz was successful in indirectly proving (was no way frequencies higher than 10 9 Hz) the theory by showing that it described the properties of light. I.e. Reflection, interference etc.

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) Hertz was successful in indirectly proving (was no way frequencies higher than 10 9 Hz) the theory by showing that it described the properties of light. I.e. Reflection, interference etc. (Hertz unknowingly discovered the photoelectric effect during his experimental verifications)

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) The success of the theory lead to its application to the blackbody radiation problem.

Light as an EM Wave (Maxwell ) The success of the theory lead to its application to the blackbody radiation problem. However all attempts failed. (see Wien, Rayleigh-Jeans Law)

Planck (1900) The discovery by Planck was the beginning of quantum theory. Interpolating Wein’s law and the relationship at low frequency he showed that

Planck (1900) From his work he concluded that the energy was quantised, where the frequency f can only be an integral multiple of hf.

Planck (1900) That is the energy which an resonator can lose is nhf, where n = 1,2,3….

Planck (1900) That is the energy which an resonator can lose is nhf, where n = 1,2,3…. The idea of quantised energy levels (states) was the significant development.

Planck (1900) That is the energy which an resonator can lose is nhf, where n = 1,2,3…. The idea of quantised energy levels (states) was the significant development. This assumption contradicted what was accepted classically.

Planck (1900) Using this assumption he was able to correctly produce a theory which agreed with experimental results.

Planck (Summary) In deriving his formula he made two assumptions:  The energy of an oscillator of frequency f can only be nhf.  During an emission or absorption the change in energy is hf.

Planck (Summary) Despite the significance, it was left to Einstein to develop these ideas to the next step.

Photoelectric Effect(1905)

When a metallic surface is illuminated by light can cause electrons to be emitted from the surface.

Photoelectric Effect (1905) The number of electrons ejected from the metal surface per second depends on the intensity of the light.

Photoelectric Effect (1905) The number of electrons ejected from the metal surface per second depends on the intensity of the light. -expected

Photoelectric Effect (1905) The number of electrons ejected from the metal surface per second depends on the intensity of the light. The kinetic energy of the electrons did not depend on intensity.

Photoelectric Effect (1905) The number of electrons ejected from the metal surface per second depends on the intensity of the light. The kinetic energy of the electrons did not depend on intensity. Kinetic energy of the electrons depends on the wavelength of the light.

Photoelectric Effect (1905) The number of electrons ejected from the metal surface per second depends on the intensity of the light. The kinetic energy of the electrons did not depend on intensity. Kinetic energy of the electrons depends on the wavelength of the light. And there was a cut of wavelength where no electrons are emitted.

Einstein - Photoelectric Effect (1905) Noted that although Maxwell’s classical theory described the interaction of light over a long period, a new description was needed for the individual interactions of light and matter.

Photoelectric Effect (1905) He extended Planck’s ideas to include that light was also quantized.

Photoelectric Effect (1905) He extended Planck’s ideas to include that light was also quantized. Light and matter interactions occur in discrete packets called photons. The energy of a photon is

Compton Effect (1922)

The Compton effect shows that photons behave like particles with momentum

Compton Effect (1922) The Compton effect shows that photons behave like particles with momentum Classical theory predicted that incident radiation of frequency f 0 would cause electrons to be acceleration in the direction of the radiation

Compton Effect (1922) The Compton effect shows that photons behave like particles with momentum Classical theory predicted that incident radiation of frequency f 0 would cause electrons to be acceleration in the direction of the radiation and that the freq of the scattered radiation depend on the intensity and time of exposure.

Compton Effect (1922) Instead Compton showed that only on the scattering angle.

Compton Effect (1922) Instead Compton showed that only on the scattering angle. This result disagrees with classical theory

Compton Effect (1922) Instead Compton showed that only on the scattering angle. This result disagrees with classical theory and is only explained if the photons act as particles.

Wave-Particle Duality

Various experiments have been shown which highlight either the wave nature or particle nature of light.

Wave-Particle Duality Various experiments have been shown which highlight either the wave nature or particle nature of light. Is light simultaneous a wave and a particle?

Wave-Particle Duality Various experiments have been shown which highlight either the wave nature or particle nature of light. Is light simultaneous a wave and a particle? Many questions on the nature of light arise from issues in classical mechanics.

Wave-Particle Duality Classically the two have mutually properties. Both views are required to describe the behaviour of light.

Wave-Particle Duality Classically the two have mutually properties. Both views are required to describe the behaviour of light. Neither model can exclusively describe radiation adequately.

Wave-Particle Duality Classically the two have mutually properties. Both views are required to describe the behaviour of light. Neither model can exclusively describe radiation adequately. Therefore for now both must be used.

Bohr Atom Particle Nature (1913)

Bohr Atom The Bohr model was developed from the work of Rutherford to describe a stable atomic model.

Bohr Atom The Bohr model was developed from the work of Rutherford to describe a stable atomic model. He provided to first successful theory of atomic line spectra.

Bohr Atom For his model he postulated that classical radiation theory did not hold at the atomic level.

Bohr Atom For his model he postulated that classical radiation theory did not hold at the atomic level. He also used the work Planck and Einstein for the idea of quantised energy levels and quantisation of light.

Bohr Atom From these ideas he proposed that electrons generally remained in stable, stationary states. However when an electron moves between states specific frequency radiation is emitted.

Matter Waves De Broglie (1923)

Matter Waves By the early 1920s it was recognised that the Bohr theory had many inadequacies:

Matter Waves By the early 1920s it was recognised that the Bohr theory had many inadequacies:  It could not predict the observed intensities of spectral lines.

Matter Waves By the early 1920s it was recognised that the Bohr theory had many inadequacies:  It could not predict the observed intensities of spectral lines.  Limited success in predicting emission, absorption wavelengths of multi-electron atoms.

Matter Waves  Overemphasized the particle nature but couldn’t explain the wave-particle duality.

Matter Waves  Overemphasized the particle nature but couldn’t explain the wave-particle duality.  Didn’t supply a general scheme for quantising other systems.

Matter Waves  Overemphasized the particle nature but couldn’t explain the wave-particle duality.  Didn’t supply a general scheme for quantising other systems.  Just a few of the problems.

Enter Louis deBroglie

Matter Waves He proposed that all forms of matter have wave

Matter Waves He proposed that all forms of matter have wave and particle properties.

Matter Waves He proposed that all forms of matter have wave and particle properties. But couldn’t be confirmed at the time.

Matter Waves He proposed that all forms of matter have wave and particle properties. But couldn’t be confirmed at the time. According to de Broglie, electrons also had a particle and wave nature.

Matter Waves He proposed that each electron was accompanied by a wave

Matter Waves He proposed that each electron was accompanied by a wave (not an EM wave)

Matter Waves He proposed that each electron was accompanied by a wave (not an EM wave) which piloted the electrons through space.

Matter Waves He proposed that each electron was accompanied by a wave (not an EM wave) which piloted the electrons through space. The proposed relationship frequency and wavelength of a matter associated with a particle is:

Matter Waves He proposed that each electron was accompanied by a wave (not an EM wave) which piloted the electrons through space. The proposed relationship frequency and wavelength of a matter associated with a particle is:

Matter Waves Recall that the relativistic momentum is

Matter Waves Recall that the relativistic momentum is (these equations were originally applied to photons )

Matter Waves Recall that the relativistic momentum is Solving for the velocity gives (these equations were originally applied to photons )

Matter Waves Recall that the relativistic momentum is Solving for the velocity gives (these equations were originally applied to photons ) Where is the ‘velocity’ of the matter wave and is the velocity of material particle

Matter Waves Where this velocity is the phase velocity or velocity of a wave crest.

Matter Waves Where this velocity is the phase velocity or velocity of a wave crest. However from the expression, this gives a phase velocity greater than c.

Matter Waves Where this velocity is the phase velocity or velocity of a wave crest. However from the expression, this gives a phase velocity greater than c. The problem arises because a single matter wave can not properly represent the localized particle.

Matter Waves Instead a superposition of many waves is needed. These waves interfere to form a wave group. This wave group has a group velocity.

Wave Packets Representing particles by finite wave groups

Wave Packets We determined that properly define a particle by a wave a superposition of waves (wave group) is needed.

Wave Packets We determined that properly define a particle by a wave a superposition of waves (wave group) is needed. The velocity of the wave group now is equal to the velocity of the particle.

Wave Packets A wave packet is set of waves with different wavelengths

Wave Packets A wave packet is set of waves with different wavelengths, amplitudes and phases

Wave Packets A wave packet is set of waves with different wavelengths, amplitudes and phases which interfere constructively over a small region of space.

Wave Packets A wave packet is set of waves with different wavelengths, amplitudes and phases which interfere constructively over a small region of space. Outside the region they interfere destructively so that they have zero amplitude.

Wave Packets The wave may be described by the formula: y = A cos(kx-ωt) where k is the wave number

Wave Packets The wave equation for the wave packet can be constructed from the superposition of each wave.

Wave Packets In general the velocity is given by

Wave Packets The main property of the wave packet is that it has time duration and space.

Wave Packets The main property of the wave packet is that it has time duration and space. In general the larger the spatial width, the larger the wave numbers required.

Wave Packets The main property of the wave packet is that it has time duration and space. In general the larger the spatial width, the larger the wave numbers required. This relationship is represented mathematically as

Wave Packets Similarly to produce a small duration the range of frequencies must be increased. ie.

Wave Packets This preceding analysis is used to show that a wave group can represent an electron.