History of TLUD Gasifier Stoves TLUD (“Tee-Lud”) refers to “Top-Lit UpDraft” gasification A Presentation at the BEIA Project Workshop Conducted in Lira, Uganda, by CREEC, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation) 22 – 24 August 2012 Paul S. Anderson PhD “Dr. TLUD” ( Doc Tee-lud ) psanders@ilstu.edu 1

Objective of This Presentation To put TLUD cookstove development into a practical perspective for planning next steps. TLUD (tee-lud) stands for Top-Lit UpDraft.

Scientific Basis of Fire Solid dry biomass “burns” with these processes: Heat causes pyrolysis (chemical decompo-sitions into combustible gases) and carbonization (charcoal creation). Charcoal can be “char-gasified” into gases. The created gases can combust; solids do not! These processes can occur at different rates and in different places in different fires. Control and separation of these processes are the keys to different types of combustion.

TLUD is “Top-Lit UpDraft” Ignition at the top of a column of chunky dry biomass creates a down-ward migrating pyrolytic zone (or front) that is starved of oxygen, creating charcoal plus pyrolytic gases (“smoke”) that move upward to where fresh secondary air enters, resulting in clean combustion of the gases for heat for cooking. Example with FA: FA = Forced Air or Fan Assisted

Four Essential Components in Any Successful Stove Project Fuels: Stored and available energy. Combustion Devices: Release of the energy. This is our focus! Applications: Uses of the energy. Human Factors: Costs, availability, cooking preferences, sizes, social perceptions, marketing, etc. Name the Four, then tell that Applications and Human Factors are rather similar with all cookstove options. This conference is very focused on the issues of fuels and obtaining the heat energy.

Conception and Birth of TLUDs TWO origins, both based on observed needs: Thomas Reed – USA – 1985 – During a trip to South Africa – Scientific epiphany of inverted downdraft (IDD) gasification. Paal Wendelbo – Norway – late 1980s & ’90s – While an NGO worker in Eastern Africa – Experimentation with devices to contain and control small top-lit smokeless fires seen in his youth during World War II.

Reed’s IDD Prototype - 1995 10 years of laboratory work resulted in the Wood-Gas stove prototype with Natrual Draft (ND) that did NOT work well. (Because of annular flame.) Publication of 1996 paper A WOOD-GAS STOVE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES with Ronal Larson who mainly worked on ceramic options and charcoal production.

Wendelbo’s Peko Pe Several years of in-field experimentation resulted in the Peko Pe with Natrual Draft (ND) that DID work well. (Has a concentrator disk.) Approximately 5000 gasifier stoves in northern Uganda by 1999. Ignored by funding agencies at that time.

Beyond the Originators - 1 Wendelbo – severe malaria in 1999 at age 70 – left Africa. He reappears only in 2007. Reed – totally shifts his attention to fan assisted (FA) IDD gasifiers. Internet Listserv discussions spread the info. Alex English (young Canadian engineer ) becomes interested in larger applications. Barrel-size TLUD in 2000 in India by Alex English.

Beyond the Originators - 2 Reed makes two trips to India 1998 and 2000. Contact with gasification expert Prof. Mukunda of IISc – Bangalore and others (including Sri Lanka) who take interest. Chance demonstration to Paul Anderson in 2001 in the home of Reed’s cousin who is Anderson’s friend.

Tincanium and Other Experimentation Slow incremental progress with gasifier stoves with ND and FA until 2005. 2004 Anderson and Reed use the term “Top-Lit UpDraft” for the first time. 2005 stove by Anderson wins the clean emissions contest at Stove Camp, and takes the names of “Champion” & TLUD (Tee-Lud). The success comes from the concentrator disk.

Original “Champion” at Stove Camp 2005

Anderson’s “Champion”TLUD made by Servals Automation Prices depend on the stove configuration, including gasifier and stove structure for heat application. Full set in stainless steel with 2 reactors costs US$37 in Chennai.. Finalized design and production started in Chennai in January 2009. Test sites are needed.

Photos of Champion Gasifiers Made and Used in India - 2009 A humanitarian project near Chennai, India, sponsored by the Sunset Rotary Club of Bloomington-Normal (Illinois, USA).

Reed’s Woodgas Campstove with Fan Assistance (FA) Now produced in three sizes in India for affluent campers. 100% stainless steel construction. Price starts at US$55. Several thousand sold since 2003. 15

TLUD Milestones (2005-2010) Dr. Mukunda and team at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore use TLUD technology for the BP “Oorja” forced air stove. 400,000 units were distributed. Now conducted by First Energy Ltd.

BP TLUD by IISc-Bangalore Mentioned at PCIA-III in Bangalore in 2007, but very little information released. 400,000 units installed in India by 2008. Uses BP-made pellet fuel. Control of fan-forced air. Subsidized price of US$17. 17

Reddy’s Magh-CM1 Cookstove Dr. Sai Baskar Reddy Nakka develops several styles of TLUDs in Hyderabad, India. Some with ceramic base and fan assistance (shown). Actively promotes biochar production. Information on Stoves Website. 18

TLUD Milestones (2005-2010) Prof. Alexis Belonio accomplishes the TLUD-FA usage of rice hulls in the Philippines. His designs are in production in Indonesia and Vietnam. He first learned of TLUD technology from a Sri Lanka speaker at a Thailand conference. Rolex award winner.

Rice Hull TLUD-FA Development in Vietnam by Paul Olivier of concepts by Alexis Belonio No more than about 2 watts is required to power the 150 gasifer. Production in three sizes, all in stainless steel.

Daxu TLUD Cookstove - China Winner of an Ashden Award for Enterprise in 2007. Winner of low emission among 8 Chinese cookstoves. Natural draft TLUD. Over 25,000 produced; possibly discontinued. Price US$140; many with subsidy sold for $6 to $26. 21

Nurhuda’s TLUDs in Indonesia Prof. M. Nurhuda has designed and produced several innovative models that are insufficiently recognized. Over 2500 units of model UB-02 have been produced and sold at $10.

Nurhuda’s TLUDs in Indonesia The newest model, UB-03-1, sells for ~US$12. Intentionally designed to appear similar to a kerosene (parafin) stove. Note that it has 4 legs separate from the cylinders.

Variations of TLUD gasifier cookstoves. [ Top row is with fans. ]

Some Other Efforts with TLUDs and Micro-gasification Philips Corp – Doing their own thing with minimal contact with others. World Stove – Self-declared as NOT a TLUD stove, but independent testing is not available. Biolite – Focused on use of TEG for power for a fan-assisted stove. All of the above have had TLUD starts and then diversions into other directions. All of these plus BP’s Oorja stove are corporate for-profit efforts.

Start the BEIA Project by CREEC No substantial non-profit funding of TLUD work before the World Bank BEIA Project. At PCIA 2009 in Kampala, Karsten Bechtel and Paul Anderson met for the first time. Application to WB is submitted and approved BEFORE the TLUD stove design is finalized! Karsten Bechtel defines that the stove will have: More stability; – More fire power; Incorporated pot-support than the Champion. The result in 2010 is the Mwoto TLUD gasifier!!

Mwoto TLUD Cookstove Sheet metal. Fabricated by skilled tinsmiths. Price approx. US$16. Primary air control permits significant turn-down of fire intensity.

DURING the BEIA Project TLUD technology is too new to be static. Important subtle changes to the design by the Project Team. Special recognition to Saddam, the Master Tinsmith of the Project. Because the BEIA Project requires consistency of the product design, some further enhancements have intentionally NOT been introduced. These include:

Some Further Developments of Mwoto TLUD Stoves TChar Variations of TLUDs Fan Assisted (FA) Options Experimentation with Materials Variations in Sizes and Uses Prospects for Mass Production Applications of the TLUD heat These are discussed later today in the presentation on new TLUD systems.

The Progress Ahead Dr TLUD estimates that only about 20% of what can be known about TLUD gasifiers has been discovered. 80% awaits our efforts. By 2020 there needs to be 30 million TLUD micro-gasifier stoves into the developing societies. Currently there are fewer than one million. Welcome to the frontiers of science and humanitarian service!!!

Paul “Dr TLUD” Anderson Website: www.drtlud.com Thank you. There will be more time later today for discussion about the prospects for future actions. Feel free to ask any questions. Paul “Dr TLUD” Anderson Email: psanders@ilstu.edu Website: www.drtlud.com