Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior Building Blocks Systems Einstein’s Brain Specialized It’s all in Your Head

Building Blocks

Systems

Einstein’s Brain

Specialized

It’s all in your head

1. Branching fibers extending out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons are called: A) axons. B) glial cells. C) dendrites. D) axon terminals. A) axons. B) glial cells. C) dendrites. D) axon terminals.

2. Neurons travel up to 20 times faster when wrapped in ____. A) sodium. B) myelin. C) glial cells. D) potassium ions. A) sodium. B) myelin. C) glial cells. D) potassium ions.

3. The brief electrical impulse transmitted along the axon is called the: A) action potential. B) stimulus threshold. C) electrical cascade. D) sodium pump. A) action potential. B) stimulus threshold. C) electrical cascade. D) sodium pump.

4.After neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, they are most often recycled and reused by a process called: A) synaptic transmission. B) reuptake. C) all-or-none. D) reabsorption. A) synaptic transmission. B) reuptake. C) all-or-none. D) reabsorption.

5. The neurotransmitter ____ is important in memory. Depletion of it is found in those with Alzheimer’s. A) dopamine B) GABA C) serotonin D) acetylcholine A) dopamine B) GABA C) serotonin D) acetylcholine

6. The ______ is the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the spinal cord. A) sensory nerves. B) somatic nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) sympathetic nervous system. A) sensory nerves. B) somatic nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) sympathetic nervous system.

7. When you’re stressed and your heart races, perspiration increases and pupils dilate, the ____ is activated. A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic branch C) sympathetic branch D) spinal reflex A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic branch C) sympathetic branch D) spinal reflex

8. James touched a hot stove. His hand immediately recoiled before he knew it was hot. The order of this spinal reflex is: A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, motor neurons. A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, motor neurons.

9. The ____ system is made up of glands which secrete ____ into the bloodstream. A) peripheral nervous; antagonists B) sympathetic; neurotransmitters C) autonomic; action potentials D) endocrine; hormones A) peripheral nervous; antagonists B) sympathetic; neurotransmitters C) autonomic; action potentials D) endocrine; hormones

10. The main link between the endocrine system and the nervous system is regulated primarily by a brain structure known as the: A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) thyroid. A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) thyroid.

11. An early, popular pseudoscience called ____ attempted to study abilities and character by studying the shape of your head. A) cortical localization. B) phrenology. C) electroencephalography. D) neurological contours. A) cortical localization. B) phrenology. C) electroencephalography. D) neurological contours.

12. The device called ____ provides moment-by-moment images of the brain’s changing activity and is noninvasive. A) EEG. B) PET scan. C) MRI. D) fMRI. A) EEG. B) PET scan. C) MRI. D) fMRI.

13. The ability of the brain to develop new neurons after birth is called: A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) growth potential. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth. A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) growth potential. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth.

14. If this part of the brain is severed, the left hemisphere will not be able to communicate directly with the right. A) cerebral cortex B) reticular formation C) corpus callosum D) pons A) cerebral cortex B) reticular formation C) corpus callosum D) pons

15. The fetal brain is constantly changing, forming as many as ___ synaptic connections per second. A) 2 million B) 100 thousand C) 20 million D) 5 million A) 2 million B) 100 thousand C) 20 million D) 5 million

16. The ___ is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for muscle coordination, posture and equilibrium. A) corpus callosum B) reticular formation C) pons D) cerebellum A) corpus callosum B) reticular formation C) pons D) cerebellum

17. Auditory information is received and processed in the: A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe. A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe.

18. Damage to the ____ may affect the ability to form new memories. A) hippocampus B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) amygdala A) hippocampus B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) amygdala

19. When the ___ is destroyed, monkeys lose their fear of snakes. A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) corpus callosum A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) corpus callosum

20. Those with brain damage resulting in an inability to produce speech, even though they can comprehend what is said to them, have: A) post-stroke syndrome. B) Wernicke’s aphasia. C) Broca’s aphasia. D) speech dysphonia. A) post-stroke syndrome. B) Wernicke’s aphasia. C) Broca’s aphasia. D) speech dysphonia.

21. This part of the brain specializes in recognizing faces. A) right hemisphere B) left hemisphere C) left temporal lobe D) amygdala A) right hemisphere B) left hemisphere C) left temporal lobe D) amygdala

22. The ability of the one part of the brain to take over the function of another in case of injury is called: A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity. A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity.

23. If you want to keep your brain fit, you can: A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above. A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above.

24: In an experiment, some rats were raised in an enriched environment (such as this) and other rats were raised in bare cages. What happened? A) There was no difference between the enriched-environment rats and the rats raised in bare cages. B) Enriched-environment rats showed more stress and aggression. C) Enriched-environment rats were able to learn sign language. D) Enriched-environment rats demonstrated neurogenesis, more synapses and greater memory ability. A) There was no difference between the enriched-environment rats and the rats raised in bare cages. B) Enriched-environment rats showed more stress and aggression. C) Enriched-environment rats were able to learn sign language. D) Enriched-environment rats demonstrated neurogenesis, more synapses and greater memory ability.

25. After his stroke, Ken was able to speak clearly, but he would say things like, “Carry great stittle come wattle glover some.” He likely has damage to his: A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum. A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Branching fibers extending out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons are called: A) axons. B) glial cells. C) dendrites. D) axon terminals. A) axons. B) glial cells. C) dendrites. D) axon terminals. 42

2. Neurons travel up to 20 times faster when wrapped in ____. A) sodium. B) myelin. C) glial cells. D) potassium ions. A) sodium. B) myelin. C) glial cells. D) potassium ions. 43

3. The brief electrical impulse transmitted along the axon is called the: A) action potential. B) stimulus threshold. C) electrical cascade. D) sodium pump. A) action potential. B) stimulus threshold. C) electrical cascade. D) sodium pump. 43

4.After neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, they are most often recycled and reused by a process called: A) synaptic transmission. B) reuptake. C) all-or-none. D) reabsorption. A) synaptic transmission. B) reuptake. C) all-or-none. D) reabsorption. 47

5. The neurotransmitter ____ is important in memory. Depletion of it is found in those with Alzheimer’s. A) dopamine B) GABA C) serotonin D) acetylcholine A) dopamine B) GABA C) serotonin D) acetylcholine 48

6. The ______ is the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the spinal cord. A) sensory nerves. B) somatic nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) sympathetic nervous system. A) sensory nerves. B) somatic nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) sympathetic nervous system. 52

7. When you’re stressed and your heart races, perspiration increases, and pupils dilate, the ____ is activated. A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic branch C) sympathetic branch D) spinal reflex A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic branch C) sympathetic branch D) spinal reflex 53

8. James touched a hot stove. His hand immediately recoiled before he knew it was hot. The order of this spinal reflex is: A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, motor neurons. A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, motor neurons. 52

9. The ____ system is made up of glands which secrete ____ into the bloodstream. A) peripheral nervous; antagonists B) sympathetic; neurotransmitters C) autonomic; action potentials D) endocrine; hormones A) peripheral nervous; antagonists B) sympathetic; neurotransmitters C) autonomic; action potentials D) endocrine; hormones 55

10. The main link between the endocrine system and the nervous system is regulated primarily by a brain structure known as the: A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) thyroid. A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) thyroid. 55

11. An early, popular pseudoscience called ____ attempted to study abilities and character by studying the shape of your head. A) cortical localization. B) phrenology. C) electroencephalography. D) neurological contours. A) cortical localization. B) phrenology. C) electroencephalography. D) neurological contours. 58

12. The device called ____ provides moment-by-moment images of the brain’s changing activity, and is noninvasive. A) EEG. B) PET scan. C) MRI. D) fMRI. A) EEG. B) PET scan. C) MRI. D) fMRI. 60

13. The ability of the brain to develop new neurons after birth is called: A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) growth potential. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth. A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) growth potential. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth. 62

14. If this part of the brain is severed, the left hemisphere will not be able to communicate directly with the right. A) cerebral cortex B) reticular formation C) corpus callosum D) pons A) cerebral cortex B) reticular formation C) corpus callosum D) pons 63

15. The fetal brain is constantly changing, forming as many as ___ synaptic connections per second. A) 2 million B) 100 thousand C) 20 million D) 5 million A) 2 million B) 100 thousand C) 20 million D) 5 million 62

16. The ___ is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for muscle coordination, posture, and equilibrium. A) corpus callosum B) reticular formation C) pons D) cerebellum A) corpus callosum B) reticular formation C) pons D) cerebellum 64

17. Auditory information is received and processed in the: A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe. A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe. 66

18. Damage to the ____ may affect the ability to form new memories. A) hippocampus B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) amygdala A) hippocampus B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) amygdala 68

19. When the ___ is destroyed, monkeys lose their fear of snakes. A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) corpus callosum A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) corpus callosum 69

20. Those with brain damage resulting in an inability to produce speech, even though they can comprehend what is said to them have: A) post-stroke syndrome. B) Wernicke’s aphasia. C) Broca’s aphasia. D) speech dysphonia. A) post-stroke syndrome. B) Wernicke’s aphasia. C) Broca’s aphasia. D) speech dysphonia. 71

21. This part of the brain specializes in recognizing faces. A) right hemisphere B) left hemisphere C) left temporal lobe D) amygdala A) right hemisphere B) left hemisphere C) left temporal lobe D) amygdala 74

22. The ability of one part of the brain to take over the function of another in case of injury is called: A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity. A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity. 77

23. If you want to keep your brain fit, you can: A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above. A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above. 78

24: In an experiment, some rats were raised in an enriched environment (such as this) and other rats were raised in bare cages. What happened? A) There was no difference between the enriched-environment rats and the rats raised in bare cages. B) Enriched-environment rats showed more stress and aggression. C) Enriched-environment rats were able to learn sign language. D) Enriched-environment rats demonstrated neurogenesis, more synapses and greater memory ability. A) There was no difference between the enriched-environment rats and the rats raised in bare cages. B) Enriched-environment rats showed more stress and aggression. C) Enriched-environment rats were able to learn sign language. D) Enriched-environment rats demonstrated neurogenesis, more synapses and greater memory ability. 77

25. After his stroke, Ken was able to speak clearly, but he would say things like, “Carry great stittle come wattle glover some.” He likely has damage to his: A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum. A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum. 71

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e, by Hockenbury and Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2007 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e, by Hockenbury and Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2007

Answers—Chapter 2 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.B 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.C 21.B 22.D 23.D 24.D 25.C