Franklin’s Art of Virtue 1.Temperance8. Justice 2.Silence9. Moderation 3.Order10.Cleanliness 4.Resolution11. Tranquility 5.Frugality12. Chastity 6.Industry13. Humility 7.Sincerity

Franklin’s Art of Virtue 1.Temperance8. Justice 2.Silence9. Moderation 3.Order10.Cleanliness 4.Resolution11. Tranquility 5.Frugality12. Chastity 6.Industry 13. Humility 7.Sincerity

Franklin’s Art of Virtue Humility I cannot boast of much success in acquiring the reality of this virtue, but I had a good deal with regard to the appearance of it. (91)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) I began now gradually to pay off the debt I was under for the printinghouse. In order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman, I took care not only to be in reality industrious and frugal, but to avoid all appearances to the contrary. (66)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) I began now gradually to pay off the debt I was under for the printinghouse. In order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman, I took care not only to be in reality industrious and frugal, but to avoid all appearances to the contrary. (66)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) I began now gradually to pay off the debt I was under for the printinghouse. In order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman, I took care not only to be in reality industrious and frugal, but to avoid all appearances to the contrary. (66)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) In the mean time, Keimer's credit and business declining daily, he was at last forc'd to sell his printing house to satisfy his creditors. He went to Barbadoes, and there lived some years in very poor circumstances. (66)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) His business success as printer

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) His business success as printer, caused by his virtues, and the appearance of them

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Nothing so likely to make a man’s fortune as virtue. (92)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Poor Richard's Almanach, “industry and frugality, as the means of procuring wealth, and thereby securing virtue.” 96.

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) The double maxim of Franklin’s Art of Virtue Be virtuous in order to increase your wealth Be wealthy in order to become more virtuous

1 st Assignment: your art of virtue Create list of virtues of your own (between 6 and 13) and arrange them in order Translate them into behavior and habit Observe yourself: do you follow them? When? when not? Write down your observations, either in a diary, like Franklin, or in some other form. Give examples. Draw conclusions: are your virtues similar or dissimilar to Franklin’s? Why?

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Franklin and his associates

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Junto Club

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Junto Club Morals,

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Junto Club Morals, politics,

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Junto Club Morals, politics, and natural philosophy (science)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Junto Club Morals, politics, and natural philosophy (science) Lead to creation of public lending library

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) “Finding the advantage of this little collection, I proposed to render the benefit from books more common, by commencing a public subscription library.” (78) Example of industry, and dedication to the public good

Benjamin Franklin’s education John Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) Cotton Mather, Essays to do Good (1710) John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) Xenophon, Socratic Dialogues The Spectator (intellectual journal) ( )

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Poor Richard’s Almanack

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Poor Richard’s Almanack Almanack: annual publication containing a calendar, information on weather and other items.

Poor Richard’s Almanack

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Poor Richard’s Almanack Proverbs containing the wisdom of many ages

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Poor Richard’s Almanack Proverbs containing the wisdom of many ages “proverbial sentences, chiefly such as inculcated industry and frugality”

Franklin’s public works I began now to turn my thoughts a little to public affairs. (103)

Franklin’s public works I began now to turn my thoughts a little to public affairs, beginning, however, with small matters. (103) Small improvements Street sweeping: ”I then wrote and printed a paper setting forth the advantages to the neighbourhood that might be obtain'd by this small expense” (124)

Franklin’s public works Small improvements Street sweeping:” I then wrote and printed a paper setting forth the advantages to the neighbourhood that might be obtain'd by this small expense” (124) Observes old woman sweeping efficiently

Franklin’s public works Small improvements Street sweeping:” I then wrote and printed a paper setting forth the advantages to the neighbourhood that might be obtain'd by this small expense” (124) Observes old woman sweeping efficiently Organizes system of street cleaning

Franklin’s public works Some may think these trifling matters not worth minding or relating. [... ] Human felicity is produc'd not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by little advantages that occur every day. (128)

Franklin’s public works City watch Fire brigade Philosophical society (Academy) Hospital Forts

Franklin’s public works Promotion of useful projects Utilitarianism: Value of an action is measured by its outcome (consequentialism) The chief value is increasing happiness and decreasing suffering

Franklin’s public works Improvements as postmaster

Franklin’s public works a variety of improvements were necessary; some of these were inevitably at first expensive, so that in the first four years the office became above nine hundred pounds in debt to us. [...] we had brought it to yield three times as much. (129)

Franklin’s public works Inventions

Franklin’s public works Inventions Franklin stove

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Inventions Franklin stove, for which he does not take out a patent

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Science

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Science “This is an age of experiments” (164)

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Science “This is an age of experiments” (164) His papers on electricity, based on experiments

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Science “This is an age of experiments” (164) His papers on electricity, based on experiments Application in the form of lightening rod

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790)

Franklin as statesman Economic relation of the colonies to England Use of paper money and monetary supply Population increase The colonies as market (Smith)

Franklin as statesman Taxes Political authority

Franklin as statesman Mission to London, concerning the Colonies. Dispute over authority of the king: laws are made by the Assembly and presented to the kind for his royal assent: “as the Assemblies could not make permanent laws without his assent, so neither could he make a law for them without theirs.” (167)

Beyond the Autobiography: Franklin as revolutionary Agitated against British rule from England Becomes delegate of the Pennsylvania Assembly to the Second Continental Congress Committee of Five, charged with drafting the Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of Independence

Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) Life writing (autobiography): creation of self Mode of life, including values and habits (culture) These values are geared towards increase in wealth They are realized by calculation, a form of book keeping (his method).