Thursday 14th February 2013 Eduardo González, Head of Maintenance Department Public Bus Company of San Sebastián DBUS FLEET RUNNING ON BIODIESEL

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles Municipal Bus Company of San Sebastián inhabitants Founded in 1886 (125 years). From 1981: Municipal Company. 36 urban lines (9 nightlines “buhos”). 120 buses: 83 of 12m 26 articulated 3 of 10m 8 microbuses 485 employees (345 drivers). 29 million travellers in travels/inhab.year, one of the biggest ratios in Europe. Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel No fuel supply diversification No vehicle purchase / depots overcosts No maintenance adjustment needed. Social acceptance: 2 nd Generation Biofuel CLEAN FUEL! Selection of 2 nd generation Biodiesel Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles 2009 ONWARDS Rising evolution: Average blends ahead CIVITAS plan Towards a Ecological fleet Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González 2008: November: Fuel mixing pumping station purchased Diesel / Biodiesel separated tanks and pipelines Application of CIVITAS schedule

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles Obtaining certificates and allowances Quality and supply Guarantees of BIODIESEL supplier (EN14214) BUS manufacturer’s allowance for Biodiesel use in newest buses. KEY STEPS Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles KEY STEPS B16 Bus Fuel tanks cleaning B20 Fuel Hoses Substitution Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles LOW TEMPERATURE EFFECT: Fuel Filter Saturation  B100 Buses  B100 Station Filters Actions: Fuel filters change Temporary change to B30 until temperature rises over 0ºC KEY STEPS Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles Emissions Results Annual reduction > 3,9 Million Litres Diesel Substitution > Tons CO2 Savings ABSOLUTE (Ton)RELATIVE CO21570,7521,3% CO20,0920,9% HC5,4421,3% NOx37,9420,5% PM2,5347,5% Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED – RISKS AND MITIGATING ACTIVITIES 1.Increasing fuel consumption, up to 8,5% and increasing price of Biodiesel RISK: Widespread deployment of the highest biodiesel blends uneconomic. MITIGATING ACTIVITIES: Set lower average Biodiesel blends (under B30) Negotiate restrained price with local supplier. Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED – RISKS AND MITIGATING ACTIVITIES 2.Saturation of fuel filters RISK: Serious damage in bus engines MITIGATING ACTIVITIES: Bus Filter change B100 and DIESEL suppliers quality control, different opinions from Bus Manufacturer and Biodiesel Supplier. Dbus Fuel Tanks water or contamination control Mixing Station DIESEL filters maintenance. Supplier Independent AnalysisLIMIT Total contamination (mg/kg) 6,424,2max 24 FAME content (% m/m) 97,394,4min 96,5 Oxidation stability (hours) 9,15,1min 6,0 Acidity number (mgKOH/g) 0,30,52max 0,5 Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED – RISKS AND MITIGATING ACTIVITIES 3.Early error in Fuel Injection System: RISK: Change of Fuel Injectors (best case) Damage in High Pressure fuel pump (very expensive) MITIGATING ACTIVITIES: Specific Maintenance program, injectors change. Pending of conclusions from workshop between Bus Manufacturer and Biodiesel Supplier. Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles RECOMENDATIONS Experience replication Blending - pumping station – highly recommended for fast reaction if blend change needed. Maintenance – A proper preventive maintenance of fuel tanks, filters and pumps. Previous cleaning of underground fuel tanks. Fuel quality – In order to avoid potential engine problems, the quality of the fuels purchased should be ensured regularly in order to assure that high quality fuels are used. Increase patterns – A step-by-step increasing pattern regarding the percentage of biofuel in the mix is recommended, especially in older vehicles in order to avoid premature saturation of fuel filters Compatibility - Special biodiesel compatibility control with the injection pipes when using blends of more than 20% should be undertaken. Climate restrictions – It is recommended that biodiesel blends are decreased when temperatures are below 0 °C. Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles RECOMENDATIONS Staff involvement - Involving all staff levels in the pilot experiences is highly recommended in order to create an adequate framework for innovation. Stakeholders involvement – Commitment to partnership from bus manufacturer and fuel- biofuel supplier. Steady communication channels with local stakeholders are essential for that purpose. (e.g: workshops) Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles FUTURE PLANS Cooperative Study of the situation still need to be agreed by both the Biodiesel supplier and the bus manufacturer to get to a clear conclusion. It will need to address questions such as: A more specific standard for Biodiesel blends apart from EN14214, is needed to ensure that the newest vehicles can run with high blends of biodiesel? Will the problems also affect vehicles with less modern engines than Euro 4 over a longer timescale, or not? CURRENT SCENARIO: Increasing taxes on Biofuels in 2013 Total dependency on Fuel prices evolution or other initiatives such as CIVITAS EU recent initiatives forget about biodiesel. Bus Fleet running on Biodiesel Eduardo González

Biofuels and Clean Vehicles Consortium Meeting Donostia – San Sebastián Eduardo González Thank you! Thursday 14th February 2013 Eduardo González, Head of Maintenance Department Public Bus Company of San Sebastián