Ancient Egypt and Nubia Chapter 3 Ancient Egypt and Nubia

The Geography of the Nile I. Nile is the world’s largest river A. Flows from central Africa to Mediterranean Sea (4,000 miles)

The Geography of the Nile B. Two main sources – White Nile and Blue Nile C. Flows North to Mediterranean Sea

The Geography of the Nile D. Cataracts – a rock filled rapid in a river

The Geography of the Nile 1. Lower Nubia – between First and Second Cataracts 2. Upper Nubia – between Second and Sixth Cataracts

The Geography of the Nile 3. Upper Egypt – North of the First Cataract 4. Lower Egypt – further north – fertile marshy area

The Geography of the Nile E. Delta – the place at the mouth of a river where it splits into several streams to form an area shaped like a triangle

The Geography of the Nile F. Silt – rich, fertile soil deposited by the flooding of a river

The Geography of the Nile G. Floods deposit rich soil – ideal for farming H. “Black Land” and “Red Land”

The Geography of the Nile 1. Called land “Kemet” – the black land 2. Dark soil left by flooding

The Geography of the Nile 3. Desert – the red land a. Beyond fertile river banks

The Geography of the Nile b. Useless for farming c. Protection from invaders

The Geography of the Nile II. Civilizations A. Communities along Nile delta in lower Egypt – 4000 B.C.

The Geography of the Nile B. Communities in Nubia – 3800 B.C. C. Importance of trade

The Geography of the Nile 1. Nile River 2. Caravans to Mesopotamia 3. Gold, silver, copper, and pottery

The Geography of the Nile D. Trade in Egypt possible by sailing upriver or downriver E. Trade in Nubia possible by land only due to cataracts

Egypt’s Kings and Queens I. Important terms A. Dynasty – a family of rulers

Egypt’s Kings and Queens B. Pharaoh – the title of the kings of ancient Egypt 1. Had absolute power over their people

Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. Decisions became law 3. Were also religious leaders

Egypt’s Kings and Queens C. Regent – someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule

Egypt’s Kings and Queens II. Important Kingdoms and Rulers A. Menes 1. Began first dynasty

Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. United Upper and Lower Egypt 3. Built city of Memphis

Egypt’s Kings and Queens B. Old Kingdom 1. Good rulers 2. Well-run government

Egypt’s Kings and Queens C. Middle Kingdom 1. Restored order after end of Old Kingdom

Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. Sponsored irrigation projects 3. Built canal between Nile and Red Sea

Egypt’s Kings and Queens 4. Lost control to foreign invaders

Egypt’s Kings and Queens D. New Kingdom 1. Drove out invaders 2. Developed large armies

Egypt’s Kings and Queens E. Hatshepsut 1. Stepmother of Thutmose III 2. Appointed regent

Egypt’s Kings and Queens 3. Had herself proclaimed pharaoh 4. Ruled during time of peace and economic success

Egypt’s Kings and Queens F. Thutmose III 1. One of the greatest pharaohs of New Kingdom

Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. Conquered many lands for Egypt 3. Educated man – studied plants

Egypt’s Kings and Queens 4. Treated conquered people with mercy

Egyptian Religion I. Important Terms A. Afterlife – the next life, in which the dead are believed to live again

B. Mummy – a dead body preserved in lifelike condition Egyptian Religion B. Mummy – a dead body preserved in lifelike condition

Egyptian Religion C. Pyramid – a huge building with four sloping outside walls shaped like triangles. In Egypt, pyramids were built as royal tombs.

A. Polytheistic society Egyptian Religion II. Religion A. Polytheistic society

B. Religion explained workings of nature Egyptian Religion B. Religion explained workings of nature C. Tried to please gods

1. Osiris – god of living and dead; afterlife Egyptian Religion D. Gods 1. Osiris – god of living and dead; afterlife

Egyptian Religion 2. Amon-Re – chief god 3. Isis – wife of Osiris

A. Bodies mummified to exist in afterlife Egyptian Religion III. Afterlife A. Bodies mummified to exist in afterlife

B. Pyramid – tomb for pharaoh a. 20 or more years to build Egyptian Religion B. Pyramid – tomb for pharaoh a. 20 or more years to build

c. Hard and dangerous work Egyptian Religion b. West bank of Nile c. Hard and dangerous work

d. Possessions buried with pharaoh Egyptian Religion d. Possessions buried with pharaoh

Culture of Egyptians I. Key Terms A. Hieroglyphs – a kind of picture writing in which some pictures stand for ideas or things and others stand for sounds

Culture of Egyptians B. Papyrus – an early form of paper made from a reedlike plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta

Culture of Egyptians C. Astronomer – A scientist who studies the stars and other objects in the sky

Culture of Egyptians II. Social Classes A. Pharaoh B. Upper Class

2. members of pharaoh’s court 3. nobles Culture of Egyptians 1. priests 2. members of pharaoh’s court 3. nobles

Culture of Egyptians C. Middle Class 1. merchants 2. skilled workers

1. farm labor, built roads and temples. 2. by far the largest class Culture of Egyptians D. Peasants 1. farm labor, built roads and temples. 2. by far the largest class

E. Slaves 1. prisoners from wars 2. a separate class Culture of Egyptians E. Slaves 1. prisoners from wars 2. a separate class 3. had some rights

1. had most of the rights of men 2. noble women had special rights Culture of Egyptians F. Women 1. had most of the rights of men 2. noble women had special rights

Culture of the Egyptians III. A land of great learning A. Writing 1. keep track of growing wealth 2. make new symbols for complicated ideas

3. began writing on papyrus a. Much more convenient than clay tablets Culture of Egyptians 3. began writing on papyrus a. Much more convenient than clay tablets

4. Rosetta stone discovered in 1799 A. Found near city of Rosetta Culture of Egyptians 4. Rosetta stone discovered in 1799 A. Found near city of Rosetta B. Translated hieroglyphs into Greek

1. Astronomers used skies to determine when Nile would flood Culture of Egyptians B. Science 1. Astronomers used skies to determine when Nile would flood 2. Found 365 days make a year

Culture of Egyptians C. Medicine 1. Performed surgeries

2. Set broken bones and treated spine injuries Culture of Egyptians 2. Set broken bones and treated spine injuries

a. Creating medicine from plants Culture of Egyptians 3. Practiced herbalism a. Creating medicine from plants

Artisans – a worker who is skilled in making something Culture of Egyptians Artisans – a worker who is skilled in making something