Ancient Egypt and Nubia Chapter 3 Ancient Egypt and Nubia
The Geography of the Nile I. Nile is the world’s largest river A. Flows from central Africa to Mediterranean Sea (4,000 miles)
The Geography of the Nile B. Two main sources – White Nile and Blue Nile C. Flows North to Mediterranean Sea
The Geography of the Nile D. Cataracts – a rock filled rapid in a river
The Geography of the Nile 1. Lower Nubia – between First and Second Cataracts 2. Upper Nubia – between Second and Sixth Cataracts
The Geography of the Nile 3. Upper Egypt – North of the First Cataract 4. Lower Egypt – further north – fertile marshy area
The Geography of the Nile E. Delta – the place at the mouth of a river where it splits into several streams to form an area shaped like a triangle
The Geography of the Nile F. Silt – rich, fertile soil deposited by the flooding of a river
The Geography of the Nile G. Floods deposit rich soil – ideal for farming H. “Black Land” and “Red Land”
The Geography of the Nile 1. Called land “Kemet” – the black land 2. Dark soil left by flooding
The Geography of the Nile 3. Desert – the red land a. Beyond fertile river banks
The Geography of the Nile b. Useless for farming c. Protection from invaders
The Geography of the Nile II. Civilizations A. Communities along Nile delta in lower Egypt – 4000 B.C.
The Geography of the Nile B. Communities in Nubia – 3800 B.C. C. Importance of trade
The Geography of the Nile 1. Nile River 2. Caravans to Mesopotamia 3. Gold, silver, copper, and pottery
The Geography of the Nile D. Trade in Egypt possible by sailing upriver or downriver E. Trade in Nubia possible by land only due to cataracts
Egypt’s Kings and Queens I. Important terms A. Dynasty – a family of rulers
Egypt’s Kings and Queens B. Pharaoh – the title of the kings of ancient Egypt 1. Had absolute power over their people
Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. Decisions became law 3. Were also religious leaders
Egypt’s Kings and Queens C. Regent – someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule
Egypt’s Kings and Queens II. Important Kingdoms and Rulers A. Menes 1. Began first dynasty
Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. United Upper and Lower Egypt 3. Built city of Memphis
Egypt’s Kings and Queens B. Old Kingdom 1. Good rulers 2. Well-run government
Egypt’s Kings and Queens C. Middle Kingdom 1. Restored order after end of Old Kingdom
Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. Sponsored irrigation projects 3. Built canal between Nile and Red Sea
Egypt’s Kings and Queens 4. Lost control to foreign invaders
Egypt’s Kings and Queens D. New Kingdom 1. Drove out invaders 2. Developed large armies
Egypt’s Kings and Queens E. Hatshepsut 1. Stepmother of Thutmose III 2. Appointed regent
Egypt’s Kings and Queens 3. Had herself proclaimed pharaoh 4. Ruled during time of peace and economic success
Egypt’s Kings and Queens F. Thutmose III 1. One of the greatest pharaohs of New Kingdom
Egypt’s Kings and Queens 2. Conquered many lands for Egypt 3. Educated man – studied plants
Egypt’s Kings and Queens 4. Treated conquered people with mercy
Egyptian Religion I. Important Terms A. Afterlife – the next life, in which the dead are believed to live again
B. Mummy – a dead body preserved in lifelike condition Egyptian Religion B. Mummy – a dead body preserved in lifelike condition
Egyptian Religion C. Pyramid – a huge building with four sloping outside walls shaped like triangles. In Egypt, pyramids were built as royal tombs.
A. Polytheistic society Egyptian Religion II. Religion A. Polytheistic society
B. Religion explained workings of nature Egyptian Religion B. Religion explained workings of nature C. Tried to please gods
1. Osiris – god of living and dead; afterlife Egyptian Religion D. Gods 1. Osiris – god of living and dead; afterlife
Egyptian Religion 2. Amon-Re – chief god 3. Isis – wife of Osiris
A. Bodies mummified to exist in afterlife Egyptian Religion III. Afterlife A. Bodies mummified to exist in afterlife
B. Pyramid – tomb for pharaoh a. 20 or more years to build Egyptian Religion B. Pyramid – tomb for pharaoh a. 20 or more years to build
c. Hard and dangerous work Egyptian Religion b. West bank of Nile c. Hard and dangerous work
d. Possessions buried with pharaoh Egyptian Religion d. Possessions buried with pharaoh
Culture of Egyptians I. Key Terms A. Hieroglyphs – a kind of picture writing in which some pictures stand for ideas or things and others stand for sounds
Culture of Egyptians B. Papyrus – an early form of paper made from a reedlike plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta
Culture of Egyptians C. Astronomer – A scientist who studies the stars and other objects in the sky
Culture of Egyptians II. Social Classes A. Pharaoh B. Upper Class
2. members of pharaoh’s court 3. nobles Culture of Egyptians 1. priests 2. members of pharaoh’s court 3. nobles
Culture of Egyptians C. Middle Class 1. merchants 2. skilled workers
1. farm labor, built roads and temples. 2. by far the largest class Culture of Egyptians D. Peasants 1. farm labor, built roads and temples. 2. by far the largest class
E. Slaves 1. prisoners from wars 2. a separate class Culture of Egyptians E. Slaves 1. prisoners from wars 2. a separate class 3. had some rights
1. had most of the rights of men 2. noble women had special rights Culture of Egyptians F. Women 1. had most of the rights of men 2. noble women had special rights
Culture of the Egyptians III. A land of great learning A. Writing 1. keep track of growing wealth 2. make new symbols for complicated ideas
3. began writing on papyrus a. Much more convenient than clay tablets Culture of Egyptians 3. began writing on papyrus a. Much more convenient than clay tablets
4. Rosetta stone discovered in 1799 A. Found near city of Rosetta Culture of Egyptians 4. Rosetta stone discovered in 1799 A. Found near city of Rosetta B. Translated hieroglyphs into Greek
1. Astronomers used skies to determine when Nile would flood Culture of Egyptians B. Science 1. Astronomers used skies to determine when Nile would flood 2. Found 365 days make a year
Culture of Egyptians C. Medicine 1. Performed surgeries
2. Set broken bones and treated spine injuries Culture of Egyptians 2. Set broken bones and treated spine injuries
a. Creating medicine from plants Culture of Egyptians 3. Practiced herbalism a. Creating medicine from plants
Artisans – a worker who is skilled in making something Culture of Egyptians Artisans – a worker who is skilled in making something