World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 23 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

Objectives Understand the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America. Be able to describe the political challenges that Western Hemisphere nations face in the nineteenth century . Describe how abolitionism, the movement for women’s rights, and immigration change the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Understand how industrialization and new agricultural technologies affect the environment.

Latin American Independence Roots of Revolution unhappy elites landowning creoles high taxes high govt. / church positions Enlightenment ideas Napoleon’s invasions Portugal – 1807 King John VI Spain – 1808 King Ferdinand VII Junta Central sense of nationalism 1808-1809 local juntas 1810 efforts

Latin American Independence Venezuela – (Caracas) 1811-1824 landowning creoles Opposition to emancipation Remove Spanish influence Simon Bolivar – 1783-1830 English education, personality Keys to Victory English vets, military revolt Gran Columbia Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador Argentina (Buenos Aires) - 1810 loyalty to King Ferdinand VII Chaos until 1817 Jose de San Martin Former slaves and gauchos Bolivar defeats loyalists in 1824

Latin American Independence Mexico – 1810-1823 richest colony Viceroy overthrown conservative Spaniards rule by brute force Sept. 16, 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Catholic priest peasant uprising elite response Jose Maria Morelos defeated in 1815 1820 military revolt Monarchy Agustin de Iturbide

Latin American Independence Brazil King John VI – 1808-1821 Spanish uprising forces hand leaves son as regent rising tide of nationalism Pedro I – 1821-1831 1822 constitutional monarchy “cancer eating away at Brazil” revolutionary costs 1831 abdication Pedro II 5-year old son emperor of Brazil in 1840 rules until 1889

Latin American Independence Constitutional Experiments U.S. Articles of Confederation 11781-1787 British Canada Confederation of 1867 “birthday of a new nationality” regional provincial rule Latin American Efforts Venezuela and Chile 9 between 1811-1833 Mexico and Brazil limited constitutional monarchies Inherent Problems lack of experience in constitutional government political role of Catholic Church limiting power of military Outcome: rise of populist leaders

The Problem of Order Personalist leaders (caudillos) patriot military leaders mobilize and direct masses challenge constitutional limits Andrew Jackson – (1828-1836) Battle of New Orleans – 1815 Florida seizure - 1818 Jose Antonio Paez Venezuela – (1829-1847) independence from Gran Columbia Commonalities common man & elite interests regional / ‘nation’ interests

The Problem of Order Regionalism South America North America War Gran Columbia & La Plata North America Senate Northern / Southern interests slavery (Ex: Louisiana – 1803) Civil War 75 years of establishment War French / Mexican War – 1862-67 conservatives vs. liberals Maximilian vs. Benito Juarez Mexico vs United States 1835 Texan rebellion 1845 Mexican-American War Texas, N.M., Arizona, California

Economic and Social Change Natives independence opens ‘frontiers’ less able to maintain peace United States Tecumseh – 1811 Amerindian alliance War of 1812 Indian Removal Act – 1830 Trail of Tears Plains Indians / Argentina -Chile effect of firearms buffalo and cattle Civil War elimination of the buffalo advent of railroad Yucatan Caste War – 1847 1880s

Economic and Social Change Slavery abolitionists most slavery gone after independence United States women/ free African-Americans Harriet Beecher-Stowe Frederick Douglass north versus south issue Brazil slavery until 1888 Paraguayan War – 1865-70 slaves join Brazilian army Cuba anti-independence/ fear revolts decline in sugar profitability – 1800 British naval pressure

Economic and Social Change Immigration 1500-1760: slaves 2:1 ratio immigration = rapid growth 1870s shift west to east hostilities nativism “desirables” and “undesirables” Asian U.S. Exclusion Act – 1882 Canadian “head tax” acculturation school assimilation patriotism and nationalism

Nativism